Reconciling local control with appropriate scale in Norwegian moose management

In a landscape of fragmented private ownership, the need to coordinate game management across large areas presents challenges for landowners and public agencies alike. This paper describes how a recent reorganization of moose management in Norway achieves landscape-level planning while maintaining a tradition of local management by hunting teams. These two seemingly contradictory imperatives – coordinating wildlife management across large areas while keeping benefits and control in the hands of local resource users – are resolved through a nesting of management institutions, wherein the state serves a regulatory function and mid-level government (the county) serves to facilitate inter-local cooperation. This paper documents how the system is structured and describes the balance of incentives that enable the system to work. Information was gathered via interviews with staff at the Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management (now called the Norwegian Environment Agency), with wildlife management officials at the municipal level, with hunters, and from the most recent regulatory documents.     

加拿大阿尔伯塔省农用水资源管理经验和做法——兼论对我国干旱半干旱地区的启示

通过分析加拿大阿尔伯塔省农用水资源的利用现状,从旱灾和水事件引发公众对水资源管理重要性认识的视角导入,从政策法规制定、水市场建立、节水技术应用和公众参与等层面归纳了阿尔伯塔省农用水资源管理的主要经验和做法,藉以对我国干旱半干旱地区的水资源管理提供借鉴和参考.     

资源条件对城市可持续发展的影响--以重庆市为例

根据城市发展对资源的依赖程度,把资源分为必需型资源和特色型资源两种类型,分别讨论了这两类资源对城市可持续发展的影响,然后在评价城市资源优劣势的基础上,提出了重庆市基于资源条件的持续发展对策.     

东北地区资源型工业发展对策

资源型工业在东北地区经济发展中占有重要的地位,是地区经济发展的支柱和解决社会就业的主力.在回顾东北地区资源型工业发展历史的基础上,分析了发展中存在的问题和不足,指出振兴东北地区和发展资源型工业的必要性,最后提出了要通过建立支撑系统、优化生产体系、利用国际市场、实行集团化经营、调整产业结构、实现可持续发展等来发展东北地区资源型工业的相应对策.     

模糊数学在成都市水资源评价中的应用

水资源价值是一个复杂的体系,主要由三方面要素构成,即:自然因素、经济因素、社会因素。以成都市为例,选取水质、水资源量、人口密度、国民收入作为评价要素,采用模糊综合评价方法对该市水资源价值进行了评价,结果表明:成都市水资源价格为2.93元/m3,明显高于目前的成都市平均水价。因此,应通过优化产业结构、扩大生产规模、提高用水效率和技术水平、加强环境保护与文化教育、合理控制人口等措施来提高水资源价值。     

资源节约型社会评价指标体系的构建

建设资源节约型社会是当前中国极为迫切的任务。在分析资源节约型社会内涵基础上，根据整体性原则、针对性原则、应用性原则、可操作性原则和动态性原则，从经济节约指数、社会节约指数、科技支持指数和环境支持指数4个准则层面给出29个具体指标，基本涵盖了节约型社会的各个方面；最后从推进循环经济的发展、增强节约意识推进节约社会的发展、加快科技进步促进科技成果转化和改善、提高环境支持水平等方面，对提升资源节约型社会节约水平提出了建议。     

水电资源开发特许权经营的探讨

在分析了我国实施水电资源开发特许权经营的可行性和必要性的基础上，认为实施水电资源开发特许权经营是市场经济发展的必然要求，是加快发展水电的需要，是水电发展的制度创新，它充分体现了公开、公正、公平的原则，有利于提高资源配置效率。     

城市适度人口规模研究

一个城市的适度人口规模既与经济发展水平密切相关,它是由所在地区的资源、环境等因素决定的。秦皇岛市是中国北方极度缺水的城市一,水资源构成了限制城市发展的短板因素。通过调整用水结构和采用节水技术,虽可使城市居民的用水份额适度增加,但总量约束决定了该城市的人口规模要保持在与水资源相适应的限度内。     

Benefits of Collaborative Learning for Environmental Management: Applying the Integrated Systems for Knowledge Management Approach to Support Animal Pest Control

Resource management issues continually change over time in response to coevolving social, economic, and ecological systems. Under these conditions adaptive management, or “learning by doing,” offers an opportunity for more proactive and collaborative approaches to resolving environmental problems. In turn, this will require the implementation of learning-based extension approaches alongside more traditional linear technology transfer approaches within the area of environmental extension. In this paper the Integrated Systems for Knowledge Management (ISKM) approach is presented to illustrate how such learning-based approaches can be used to help communities develop, apply, and refine technical information within a larger context of shared understanding. To outline how this works in practice, we use a case study involving pest management. Particular attention is paid to the issues that emerge as a result of multiple stakeholder involvement within environmental problem situations. Finally, the potential role of the Internet in supporting and disseminating the experience gained through ongoing adaptive management processes is examined.     

Determining Ecological Equivalence in Service-to-Service Scaling of Salt Marsh Restoration

The amount of ecological restoration required to mitigate or compensate for environmental injury or habitat loss is often based on the goal of achieving ecological equivalence. However, few tools are available for estimating the extent of restoration required to achieve habitat services equivalent to those that were lost. This paper describes habitat equivalency analysis (HEA), a habitat-based “service-to-service” approach for determining the amount of restoration needed to compensate for natural resource losses, and examines issues in its application in the case of salt marsh restoration. The scientific literature indicates that although structural attributes such as vegetation may recover within a few years, there is often a significant lag in the development of ecological processes such as nutrient cycling that are necessary for a fully functioning salt marsh. Moreover, natural variation can make recovery trajectories difficult to define and predict for many habitat services. HEA is an excellent tool for scaling restoration actions because it reflects this ecological variability and complexity. At the same time, practitioners must recognize that conclusions about the amount of restoration needed to provide ecological services equivalent to those that are lost will depend critically on the ecological data and assumptions that are used in the HEA calculation.