生物资源在害虫防治中的减灾作用和开发对策

论述了害虫防治中的丰富生物资源,讨论了生物资源在农业减灾作用中具有良好社会、经济和生态效益及开发潜力,提出了开发利用的对策。     

物化法处理氟苯生产废水技术

研究酸化+萃取+无机除氟+粒子群电催化氧化等物化技术处理氟苯生产废水的工艺条件。在适宜的工艺条件下,废水中CODCr、苯酚、F、石油类去除率可分别达到99.2%、99.99%、99.9%、99.5%以上,出水CODCr、苯酚、F-、石油类、TOC均低于《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)中一级排放标准限值;同时可回收废水中苯酚,实现废水资源化。     

生态系统变化对岩溶水资源的影响--以湘西为例

岩溶水资源是支撑岩溶区社会经济发展最为重要的一个基本方面,明确生态系统变化是如何影响岩溶水资源的质与量这一重大问题,将有助于岩溶水循环机制的深入研究,为揭示岩溶水资源的形成、演化规律及控制机理,建立岩溶水资源评价、开发利用和保护的系统理论,探索岩溶水资源可持续利用模式提供科学的依据。在分析岩溶山区典型生态系统类型及其演化特征和岩溶水资源特点的基础上,通过湘西20年来的生态系统变化的对比,就其对岩溶水资源的影响进行了详细的论述。认为生态的恶化是引起岩溶石山区水资源短缺的一个重要因素,生态系统变化对岩溶水资源的影响主要是通过对岩溶水的补给、径流、排泄等的影响,使岩溶水资源产生水质和水量的变化。     

长江中上游四大家鱼资源监测与渔业管理

根据1994～2001年的监测结果, 结合历史资料对长江中上游四大家鱼资源现状进行了分析。结果表明：(1)长江中上游四大家鱼在渔获物中的比列呈下降趋势 ;(2)四大家鱼群体结构中低龄鱼比重上升,高龄鱼比重下降;(3)1997～2001年监利江段四大家鱼鱼苗径流量分别为35.87亿尾、27.47亿尾、21.54亿尾、28.54亿尾和19.04亿尾,与1981年该江段67亿尾相比,分别下降46.5%、59.0%、67.9%、57.4%、71.6%。针对影响长江四大家鱼资源的主要因素,提出了保护长江四大家鱼繁殖和栖息地,保持天然水域的相对稳定,降低长江四大家鱼捕捞强度,加强渔政管理等一系列保护长江四大家鱼的措施。     

我国开发区土地资源配置效率的区域差异研究

应用比较优势理论，以国家级53个经济技术开发区为例。研究了不同区域间开发区土地利用的比较优势。结果表明。按照区域土地利用的比较优势来配置土地资源能够提高土地利用的总福利水平。整体上．中西部国家级开发区的比较优势高于东部地区：而区域内部东部地区的京津苏沪及中西部地区的中心城市在开发区建设用地的利用上具有比较优势。因此，按照开发区土地利用的比较优势度计算结果，在排除开发区自身发育不完善和管理层面因素后，对于确实不适宜进行开发区工业建设的应进行空间布局的调整，恢复其农业生产；而对于比较优势度较高的地区可根据实际需要增设相应的开发区。以实现耕地保护与开发区建设的双赢。     

我国水资源需求量动力学预测及对策建议

水资源是社会经济发展的重要物质基础和不可替代的自然资源。要实现党的十六大提出的全面建设小康社会的宏伟目标,水资源是必不可少的支撑条件。通过动力学模型,对未来20年我国工业、农业和生活需水量及总需水量进行预测,预测结果表明：按方案1,到2022年我国需水量约为5 500亿m3,按方案2,需水量约为7 400亿m3。而到2022年全国供水能力可能达到6 500亿m3 左右,可供水量为6 100～6 500亿m3 。方案1的预测结果小于可供水量,但这种方案很难实现。方案2的预测结果大于可供水量,出现较大缺口,在GDP增加1%的情况下,需水量增加1 800亿m3 左右,这也是我们面对的现实问题。     

区域水资源可持续利用评价的FAHP-PP模型

正确评价区域水资源可持续利用,对区域社会、经济的可持续发展以及生态环境的良性循环都具有重要意义,而区域水资源可持续利用指标体系及评价方法研究是水资源可持续利用研究的基础。借鉴现有评价指标体系的优点,并充分考虑现有评价指标体系所忽略的某些环境因素对水资源可持续利用的影响,针对区域社会-经济-环境复合系统的特点,提出了由区域水资源条件、水资源开发利用程度、区域水资源与社会协调程度、区域水资源与环境协调程度4个子系统及评价指标组成的区域水资源可持续利用评价指标体系。根据水资源系统的随机性、模糊性等特性以及系统评价的公正、客观要求,为规避评价方法的主观性与客观性影响,分别应用主观性较强的模糊层次分析法（FAHP）与客观性较强的投影寻踪模型（PP）对区域水资源可持续利用水平进行评价,并将两种方法的评价结果进行加权求和以实现优势互补,以此建立了区域水资源评价的一种新模型（FAHP PP）,然后通过以上海市1998～2007年水资源可持续利用情况为例对该评价指标体系的合理性及方法的有效性进行了说明.     

基于地聚合反应的生活垃圾焚烧飞灰资源化利用实验研究

为了实现对城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的资源化利用,本实验以城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰为原材料,通过碱激发法制备出力学性能优异的地聚合物固化体.当碱激发剂的模数为1.0,垃圾焚烧飞灰含量为60％,碱激发剂和固体质量比为1:1.2时垃圾焚烧飞灰基地聚合物的抗压强度最佳.XRD分析结果表明所制备的地聚合物中存在少量碳酸钙和沸石结晶相,S...     

The importance of incorporating functional habitats into conservation planning for highly mobile species in dynamic systems

The distribution of mobile species in dynamic systems can vary greatly over time and space. Estimating their population size and geographic range can be problematic and affect the accuracy of conservation assessments. Scarce data on mobile species and the resources they need can also limit the type of analytical approaches available to derive such estimates. We quantified change in availability and use of key ecological resources required for breeding for a critically endangered nomadic habitat specialist, the Swift Parrot (Lathamus discolor). We compared estimates of occupied habitat derived from dynamic presence‐background (i.e., presence‐only data) climatic models with estimates derived from dynamic occupancy models that included a direct measure of food availability. We then compared estimates that incorporate fine‐resolution spatial data on the availability of key ecological resources (i.e., functional habitats) with more common approaches that focus on broader climatic suitability or vegetation cover (due to the absence of fine‐resolution data). The occupancy models produced significantly (P < 0.001) smaller (up to an order of magnitude) and more spatially discrete estimates of the total occupied area than climate‐based models. The spatial location and extent of the total area occupied with the occupancy models was highly variable between years (131 and 1498 km²). Estimates accounting for the area of functional habitats were significantly smaller (2–58% [SD 16]) than estimates based only on the total area occupied. An increase or decrease in the area of one functional habitat (foraging or nesting) did not necessarily correspond to an increase or decrease in the other. Thus, an increase in the extent of occupied area may not equate to improved habitat quality or function. We argue these patterns are typical for mobile resource specialists but often go unnoticed because of limited data over relevant spatial and temporal scales and lack of spatial data on the availability of key resources. Understanding changes in the relative availability of functional habitats is crucial to informing conservation planning and accurately assessing extinction risk for mobile resource specialists.     

Pollution,habitat loss,fishing, and climate change as critical threats to penguins

Cumulative human impacts across the world's oceans are considerable. We therefore examined a single model taxonomic group, the penguins (Spheniscidae), to explore how marine species and communities might be at risk of decline or extinction in the southern hemisphere. We sought to determine the most important threats to penguins and to suggest means to mitigate these threats. Our review has relevance to other taxonomic groups in the southern hemisphere and in northern latitudes, where human impacts are greater. Our review was based on an expert assessment and literature review of all 18 penguin species; 49 scientists contributed to the process. For each penguin species, we considered their range and distribution, population trends, and main anthropogenic threats over the past approximately 250 years. These threats were harvesting adults for oil, skin, and feathers and as bait for crab and rock lobster fisheries; harvesting of eggs; terrestrial habitat degradation; marine pollution; fisheries bycatch and resource competition; environmental variability and climate change; and toxic algal poisoning and disease. Habitat loss, pollution, and fishing, all factors humans can readily mitigate, remain the primary threats for penguin species. Their future resilience to further climate change impacts will almost certainly depend on addressing current threats to existing habitat degradation on land and at sea. We suggest protection of breeding habitat, linked to the designation of appropriately scaled marine reserves, including in the High Seas, will be critical for the future conservation of penguins. However, large‐scale conservation zones are not always practical or politically feasible and other ecosystem‐based management methods that include spatial zoning, bycatch mitigation, and robust harvest control must be developed to maintain marine biodiversity and ensure that ecosystem functioning is maintained across a variety of scales. Contaminación, Pérdida de Hábitat, Pesca y Cambio Climático como Amenazas Críticas para los Pingüinos