Smart and eco-cities in India and China

ABSTRACT

Smart and eco-cities have become important notions for thinking about urban futures. This article contributes to these ongoing debates about smart and eco-urbanism by focussing on recent urbanisation initiatives in Asia. Our study of India’s Smart Cities Mission launched under the administration of Narendra Modi and China’s All-In-One eco-cities project initiated by Xi Jinpin unfolds in two corresponding narratives. Roy and Ong’s [2011. Worlding Cities: Asian Experiments and the Art of Being Global. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell] “worlding cities” serves as the theoretical backdrop of our analysis. Based on a careful review of a diverse set of academic literature, policy and other sources we identify five process-dimensions for analysing the respective urban approaches. We show how the specific features of China’s and India’s urban focus, organisation, implementation, governance and embedding manifest both nations’ approaches to smart and eco-urbanism. We argue that India’s Smart City Mission and China’s All-in-One project are firmly anchored in broader agendas of change that are set out to transform the nation and extend into time. The Indian Smart City Mission is part of a broader ambition to transform the nation enabling her “smart incarnation” in modernity. Smart technologies are seen as the key drivers of change. In China the framework of ecological civilisation continues a 5000-year historical tradition of civilisation excellence. By explicitly linking eco-urbanism to the framework, eco-cities become a means to enact ecological civilisation on the (urban) ground.     

我国城镇可持续发展实验区建设的理论与实践

可持续发展综合实验区是我国实施可持续发展战略的重要行动。本文在分析、总结我国城镇可持续发展实验区实践的基础上,提出了建设城镇可持续发展实验区的基本思路     

Promoting community economic development: an assessment of an experimental scheme in cleveland

Traditional economic planning policies do not, largely, benefit residents of run‐down inner city neighbourhoods. Planners have therefore begun to look at other ways to improve the economic well‐being of unemployed people in such areas. One such initiative has been the location of Community Employment Development Officers in economically depressed areas by Cleveland County Council — one of Britain's unemployment blackspots. Their remit is to encourage and initiate action to create jobs and this paper looks at the experiment, drawing out some of the lessons.     

国家环保模范城市创建中监测类指标操作要点

国家环境保护模范城市考核指标体系共28项考核指标(集中供热率仅考核北方城市),其中11项指标以环境监测为基础。环境监测类指标是环保模范城市考核中定量考核的主要方面,也是在创模过程中容易出现问题的方面。笔者根据多年参与环保模范城市考核的体会,提出了各项指标的操作要点。     

煤炭城市大气污染特征与防治对策

以煤炭城市平顶山市为例，分析大气污染的来源，阐明大气污染的特征，提出煤炭城市大气污染防治对策，促进煤炭城市大气环境质量的改善。     

Evaluating the influence of air pollution on solar radiation observations over the coastal region of Alicante (Southeastern Spain)

The present study evaluates ground-based downward surface shortwave radiation (R_s) over the coastal region of Alicante (Southeastern Spain). Hourly measurements collected over the eleven-year period 2010-2020 are used. Two weather stations located over the region capital, Alicante, have been selected as representative of urban and suburban typologies. Two additional weather stations far from the city have been selected representing rural typologies. R_s is significantly reduced over the urban station during the morning hours within the winter season compared to the observations recorded over the suburban and rural stations, with a global mean difference of -81 and -120 W/m² at 10 LT, respectively. However, no significant differences are obtained during the midday sun, with a global mean difference of -20 W/m² between the urban and rural stations. With the aim of explaining these differences, the current paper investigates the relationship between R_s and different air pollutants: NO_x, SO₂, and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) as well as the wind field measured at the urban and suburban stations. The results found in this work point towards a close relationship between R_s and NO_x concentrations annual cycles, which are also influenced by the prevailing wind circulations observed over the study area. A global mean NO_x concentration of 107 µg/m³ is observed over the urban station at 10 LT during the winter season. In contrast, these high concentrations are significantly reduced over the suburban station, with global mean value of 40 µg/m³ at 10 LT, for this period of the year.     

卫星城市灾害应急模式的探索——以北京市门城卫星城为例

本文以北京市新规划的11个新城中的门城卫星城（门头沟）为例，从灾害应急模式的系统构建、前期准备、应急互动模型、系统神经网络建设、体制建设等方面探索卫星城市应急救灾系统模式的建设。     

广西岩溶城市氡气需重新认识

通过对桂林市岩溶城市的氡气测定,发现桂林市土壤氡气是桂林土壤氡背景值的4～10倍,属局部高背景区;岩洞内氡气是国家建筑屋限量的2～4倍,属中度超标。在对比桂林市、贵阳市地区数据基础上得出岩溶城市局部高氡异常是普遍存在的结论,提出广西岩溶城市氡气需要重新认识。     

中国资源枯竭城市的转型效果评价

论文通过对资源枯竭城市转型发展中各方面变化的分析总结,提出以基础、经济、社会、生态4个要素为框架建立资源枯竭城市转型发展指标体系的思路,并根据2005-2009年《中国城市统计年鉴》数据,测量各个资源枯竭城市在自身转型和区域发展地位提升两方面的发展状态。之后对城市的转型效果进行分类分析,发现资源枯竭城市转型总体态势较好,但城市转型效果在空间上以及不同类别城市间存在明显差异,部分城市没有实现经济、社会、环境协调转型发展。     

基于水环境分析的南方典型中小城市类型划分及水污染驱动力研究

根据我国南方中小城市水环境污染的主要来源,选取工业废水排放量等10项指标,建立城市类型划分及其影响因素的评价指标体系,并以江苏、浙江、湖北和安徽的16个典型中小城市进行了研究.结合SPSS11.0聚类分析结果,依据经济发展指标值与综合污染排放指标值划分了城市类型,运用主成分分析法研究了水环境污染的驱动力.结果表明,南方16个典型中小城市可划分为经济发展好、水环境污染轻和经济发展一般、水环境污染重两类Ⅳ亚类;水环境污染的影响因素依次为工业用水污染、农业面源污染和城镇生活污染;影响第Ⅰ亚类、第Ⅱ亚类以及Ⅳ亚类和第Ⅲ亚类城市的主要因素分别为工业用水污染、城镇生活污染和农业面源污染.