高负荷活性污泥法应用于中小城市污水处理的研究

针对目前二级城市污水处理厂工程投资高、运行费用高的特点,提出适合中小城市污水处理的工艺——高负荷活性污泥法（HAS）。该工艺不设初次沉淀池,负荷高,泥龄短,污泥沉降性能良好,不存在污泥膨胀,对有机物的去除以絮凝、吸附、沉淀作用为主,对COD、BOD,、SS都有较高的去除效果,对氮、磷有一定的去除作用,出水水质可满足《农田灌溉水质标准》的要求。     

试点城市O3浓度特征分析

利用2009年O3试点城市的03监测数据,分析了北京、天津、上海、青岛、沈阳和广东的03浓度变化特征,统计了年超标情况,并结合气象要素数据分析了其对03浓度的影响.结果表明,不同城市各点位间03浓度变化趋势基本一致,但因点位类型不同,浓度存在差异;O3浓度呈单峰型日变化,在13:00-15:00出现最大值,6:00-7:00出现最小值;O3超标主要集中在4-8月份,广州和北京超标现象较多;O3浓度受温度、降水、风速和风向等气象要素影响较大.     

2006─2010年环保重点城市主要污染物浓度变化特征

利用2006─2010年全国环保重点城市的空气质量日报数据,分析了大气ρ(SO2)、ρ(NO2)和ρ(PM10)的变化特征. 结果表明:从年际变化看,ρ(SO2)和ρ(PM10)呈下降趋势,ρ(NO2)变化不显著.从季节变化看,ρ(SO2)、ρ(NO2)和ρ(PM10)均呈冬季高、夏季低的特征.从浓度谱分布看,全国大气中ρ(SO2)、ρ(NO2)和ρ(PM10)分别集中在0～0.150、0～0.100和0～0.250 mg/m3范围内,ρ(SO2)和ρ(PM10)谱峰区间逐渐向低浓度范围偏移,高浓度事件逐渐减少,表明SO2和PM10污染得到较明显的控制,而ρ(NO2)谱峰变化不大.从浓度变化看,山西ρ(SO2)、ρ(NO2)和ρ(PM10)下降最明显,年变化率分别为-11.2、-3.6和-14.2 μg/m3;青海ρ(SO2)、山东ρ(NO2)和ρ(PM10)的上升趋势最明显,年变化率分别为4.4、2.7和4.5 μg/m3.      

Will polycentric cities cause more CO2 emissions? A case study of 232 Chinese cities

From 2000 to 2010 China experienced rapid economic development and urbanization. Many cities in economically developed areas have developed from a single-center status to polycentricity. In this study, we used exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) to identify the population centers, which identified 232 cities in China as having urban centers. COMP was used to represent urban agglomeration, and POLYD (representing how far is the city's sub-centers to the main center), POLYC (representing the number of a city's centers), and POLYP (representing the population distributed between the main center and the sub-centers) were used to indicate urban polycentricity. Night light data were used to determine the CO₂ emissions from various cities in China. A mixed model was used to study the impact of urban aggregation and polycentric data on the CO₂ emission efficiency in 2000 and 2010. The study found that cities with higher compactness were distributed in coastal areas, and the cities with higher multicentricity were distributed in the Yangtze River Delta and Shandong Province. The more compact the city was, the less conducive it was to improving CO₂ emission efficiency. Polycentric development of the city was conducive to improving the CO₂ emission efficiency, but the number of urban centers had no significant relationship with the CO₂ emission efficiency. Our research showed that the compactness and multicentricity of the city had an impact on the CO₂ emission efficiency and provided some planning suggestions for the low carbon development of the city.     

Are there higher pedestrian fatalities in larger cities?: A scaling analysis of 115 to 161 largest cities in the United States

Objective: In 2012, 4,743 pedestrians were killed in the United States, representing 14% of total traffic fatalities. The number of pedestrians injured was higher at 76,000. Therefore, 36 out of 52 of the largest cities in the United States have adopted a citywide target of reducing pedestrian fatalities. The number of cities adopting the reduction goal during 2011 and 2012 increased rapidly with 8 more cities. We examined the scaling relationship of pedestrian fatality counts as a function of the population size of 115 to 161 large U.S. cities during the period of 1994 to 2011. We also examined the scaling relationship of nonpedestrian and total traffic fatality counts as a function of the population size.

Methods: For the data source of fatality measures we used Traffic Safety Facts Fatality Analysis Reporting System/General Estimates System annual reports published each year from 1994 to 2011 by the NHTSA. Using the data source we conducted both annual cross-sectional and panel data bivariate and multivariate regression models. In the construction of the estimated functional relationship between traffic fatality measures and various factors, we used the simple power function for urban scaling used by Bettencourt et al. (2007 Bettencourt LMA, Lobo J, Helbing D, Kühnert C, West GB. Growth, innovation, scaling and the pace of life in cities. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104:7301–7306.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 2010 Bettencourt LMA, Lobo J, Strumsky D, West GB. Urban scaling and its deviations: revealing the structure of wealth, innovation and crime across cities. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e13541.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and the refined STIRPAT (stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence, and technology) model used in Dietz and Rosa (1994 Dietz T, Rosa EA. Rethinking the environmental impacts of population, affluence and technology. Human Ecology Review. 1994;1:277–300. [Google Scholar], 1997 Dietz T, Rosa EA. Effects of population and affluence on CO₂ emissions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:175–179.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and York et al. (2003 York R, Rosa EA, Dietz T. STIRPAT, IPAT and IMPACT: analytic tools for unpacking the driving forces of environmental impacts. Ecol Econ. 2003;46:351–365.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]).

Results: We found that the scaling relationship display diseconomies of scale or sublinear for pedestrian fatalities. However, the relationship displays a superlinear relationship in case of nonpedestrian fatalities. The scaling relationship for total traffic fatality counts display a nearly linear pattern. When the relationship was examined by the 4 subgroups of cities with different population sizes, the most pronounced sublinear scaling relationships for all 3 types of fatality counts was discovered for the subgroup of megacities with a population of more than 1 million.

Conclusions: The scaling patterns of traffic fatalities of subgroups of cities depend on population sizes of the cities in subgroups. In particular, 9 megacities with populations of more than 1 million are significantly different from the remaining cities and should be viewed as a totally separate group. Thus, analysis of the patterns of traffic fatalities needs to be conducted within the group of megacities separately from the other cities with smaller population sizes for devising prevention policies to reduce traffic fatalities in both megacities and smaller cities.     

资源型城市经济转型绩效特征与评价方法——基于东北地区的实证研究

资源型城市经济转型仍然是当前我国城市发展的重大问题。基于资源型城市经济转型核心内涵,采用平衡计分卡和关键绩效指标思想方法,概括出资源型城市经济转型的绩效特征,进而构建包括“资源依赖、经济水平、生态效率、社会福利、创新驱动”五方面关键特征的五维评价法,选择能够准确反映经济转型关键过程和结果的少数关键参数作为评价指标,运用脱钩分析、超效率数据包络分析、回归分析、耦合度模型、熵权法、典型相关分析等计量模型,使绩效评价结果与经济转型真实机制相一致。以东北地区7个典型煤炭城市作为案例,运用五维评价法对这些城市2003年以来的经济转型进行绩效评价。结果发现：从转型效果看,7个城市都初步实现了经济增长驱动力的转换,其中辽源的第二产业发展绩效较好,辽源和阜新的产业演替绩效较好;从转型质量看,生态效率均显著提升,其中辽源、阜新、双鸭山提升了经济相对发展水平,实证检验表明7个城市的经济转型中,改善经济对社会福利的支持力不够;从最终目标实现程度看,7个城市的科技和创新水平都严重不足,经济增长趋缓,都未能实现经济转型最终目标。     

Problems and Strategies of Industrial Transformation of China's Resource-based Cities

Resource-based cities face vital economic, social, and environmental problems during their industrial transformation. Urban industrial structure is a traditional primary industrial pattern, which is resource-based and resource-intensive economy with low level technology and efficiency. They encounter tremendous pressure of unemployment and social security. Resources of such cities are on the verge of extinction, in addition, the environmental pollution and ecological conditions are becoming worse. The cities have significant institutional issues and their innovation capacity is inadequate. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out strategic innovations to realize the successful economic transformation of resource-based cities. The strategic innovations include innovation of development goals, equalization of social welfare, sustainable economic development, coordinative development between eco-environment and socioeconomy, and circular economy development strategies optimizing diversified industrial structures. In addition, forming eco-industrial system and changing traditional growth pattern, strategy of resource and industrial substitution and supplement, scientific and technological innovation strategy —late-comer's advantages of development of new high-tech ecocity development strategy and innovation of institutional mechanism and systems.     

煤炭资源型城市城乡空间结构演变及影响因素——以安徽省淮北市为例

以淮北市为例,基于城乡建设用地和相关社会经济发展数据,运用扩张指数、相对变化率等方法,研究1985年以来煤炭资源型城市城乡空间结构演变过程及影响因素。结果表明：（1）煤炭资源型城市城乡空间结构演变大致经历了三个阶段：1985—2000年,城市发展主要围绕煤炭产业进行,形成了“城·矿·乡”三元结构;2000—2010年,城市主城区中心性逐渐凸显,城乡空间结构演变为“中心—外围”结构;2010年至今,城市转型发展速度加快,主城区向郊区扩散,城乡空间结构演变为圈层结构。（2）煤炭资源型城市城乡空间结构演变本质是由分散到集聚、由分离到一体的过程。（3）矿城管理体制、城乡产业结构、市域交通网络和政策制度四个影响因素相互作用,共同促进煤炭资源型城市城乡空间结构的发展。     

中小城市的光污染及防治对策

我国经济处于高速增长期,建设日新月异,中小城市的光污染问题日趋明显,防治显得十分重要。文章以中山市城区为例,对道路照明、建筑照明、广告照明、绿化照明,以及玻璃幕墙反射等光污染情况进行了调研和评价。根据中山市城区的光污染情况,从制定和完善光污染防治法规体系、加强规划和宏观管理、提高公众参与力度和监督力度、加大人才培养和政策扶持力度、加大清洁生产推广力度以及实施照明设计单位资质认证等多方面提出了对光污染的防治对策。     

沿海地区中小城市环境空气质量预报模式的研究与应用

根据两年来的实际工作经验,探讨了沿海地区气象因素对环境空气质量的影响,并结合沿海地区气候特征及污染现状对影响环境空气质量的因素进行了研究分析,建立了适合于沿海地区中小城市环境空气质量预报模式,其预报准确率高。对沿海地区中小城市今后开展空气质量预报工作具有一定的指导意义。