陆上原油长输管道泄漏爆炸事故情景构建研究

以某陆上原油长输管道为例,设定了陆上原油长输管道泄漏爆炸事故情景背景信息及演化过程,从预防、准备、预警、响应、恢复等阶段,梳理分析了事故情景应对全过程的任务及职责主体;针对各项任务从计划预案、人员队伍、装备物资、培训演练、运行机制等方面开展了情景应对能力评估;并针对存在的差距和不足,从企业和政府2个层面提出了针对此类情景的应急能力提升对策建议。该研究可为相关政府及企业加强油气长输管道事故应急准备能力建设提供参考。     

遮阴和盐分对银叶树幼苗光合特性与叶绿素荧光参数的影响

通过比较不同光和盐水平下银叶树(Heritiera littoralis)幼苗的叶绿素含量、光合光响应参数及叶绿素荧光参数的差异,探讨了遮阴和施盐处理下银叶树幼苗的光合生理及适应能力。以银叶树盆栽幼苗为研究对象,以全光无盐为对照,设置遮阴(遮光率为80%)与2.5%盐水处理,经60 d的处理,测定其光合光响应参数、叶绿素荧光参数及叶绿素含量。结果表明,在正常环境下,银叶树光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)及Chla/b分别为1023、28.8μmol·m^?2·s^?1及3.65,属阳性树种。在无盐条件下,遮阴处理导致了叶片叶绿素含量、表观量子效率(AQY)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)及PSⅡ有效光化学量子产量(Fv'/Fm')的升高,却降低了Chl a/b、最大净光合速率(P′max)、LSP、LCP、暗呼吸速率(Rd)、初始荧光(Fo)、PSⅡ实际光合效率(ΦPSⅡ)、表观光合量子传递效率(ETR)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)及非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)。在全光照或80%的遮阴环境下,盐胁迫均使得叶片叶绿素含量、光合光响应参数(AQY、P′max、LSP)及叶绿素荧光参数(Fm、Fv/Fo)显著下降(P<0.05);而在全光环境下,盐胁迫同样显著降低了Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、ETR(P<0.05),但在遮阴环境下,盐胁迫并没有显著降低叶片Fv/Fm、Fv′/Fm′、ΦPSⅡ及ETR(P>0.05)。盐分对叶片叶绿素含量、光合光响应参数(AQY、P′max及LSP)及叶绿素荧光参数(Fo、Fm、Fv、Fv/Fo、ΦPSⅡ、ETR及NPQ)的影响高于光照,光和盐对叶绿素含量、光合光响应参数(AQY、P′max及LSP)及叶绿素荧光参数的影响没有交互作用。研究表明,银叶树幼苗表现出较高的耐阴性及对弱光的利用能力;盐胁迫使银叶树幼苗发生了明显的光抑制,PSII的光化学活性降低,过剩光能对光系统的破坏的风险增加,光能转换效率与电子传递能力下降,光合作用效率大幅降低。     

苗期玉米根叶对干旱胁迫的生理响应

采用人工控制水分的方法,研究了干旱胁迫下苗期玉米(ZeamaysL.)根系和叶片的生理指标,用以明确苗期玉米根系和叶片对干旱的生理响应。研究结果表明,苗期中度干旱胁迫处理条件下,玉米根系和叶片均表现出对干旱胁迫的生理响应,并各具特点。与对照相比,干旱胁迫使玉米根系和地上部的生物量降低,叶片中的叶绿素含量显著降低、叶片光合面积减小,根冠比增大。干旱胁迫使玉米根系比表面积增大,根系氧化活力和还原活力增强。干旱胁迫导致玉米叶片的光合功能降低,初始荧光升高,初始光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的原初光能转换效率、PSⅡ潜在活性、潜在光合作用活力均受到抑制。干旱胁迫下玉米叶片和根系脂质过氧化作用增强,根系和叶片中的游离脯氨酸含量升高。     

番茄某些繁殖特性对增强UV-B辐射的响应

研究了增强UV-B辐射对大田生长的两种番茄(早熟型“同辉”和晚熟型“霞光”)某些繁殖特性(最大开花数、花粉萌发和花粉管伸长、果实产量、果实品质以及子代种子的数量和质量)的影响.结果表明,与对照相比,“同辉”开花数在高辐射下增加,“霞光”开花数在低辐射下减少;“同辉”果实产量在两种辐射下都明显增加,而“霞光”果实产量只在低辐射下增加;辐射抑制了“同辉”的花粉萌发和花粉管伸长,而只是降低了“霞光”的花粉萌发率;强辐射造成两种番茄果实番茄红素下降。经过一季的增强UV-B辐射处理,“同辉”种子数量增加,低辐射下种子明显变小;“霞光”种子数量减少,且明显变小.就开花数、果实产量和种子质量而言,早熟的“同辉”品种更具抗性,而晚熟的“霞光”更敏感.图3表1参29     

Chemical ornaments of male lizards <Emphasis Type="Italic">Psammodromus algirus</Emphasis> may reveal their parasite load and health state to females

Evidence for parasite-mediated sexual selection has been found in many species that use visual ornaments to attract females. However, in many animals, variation in female responses to scents of parasitized males suggests that parasitic infections might also affect information conveyed by pheromones (i.e., chemical ornaments). Thus, pheromones might also function in parasite-mediated sexual selection. We show here that female lizards Psammodromus algirus responded differently to femoral gland secretions of males according to the parasite load and health of these males. Scents of healthier males elicited more tongue flicks (a chemosensory behavior) by females, suggesting that these scents were more attractive. Chemical analyses showed that parasite load and the T-cell-mediated immune response were related to the variability in the proportions of some lipids in secretions of males. Further trials testing the chemosensory responses of females to chemical standards indicated that females actually discriminated the chemicals related to males’ health from other chemicals found in secretions. We suggest that these chemical ornaments may provide reliable information on the health and degree of parasitic infection of a male.     

Causasilty among wildfire,ENSO, timber harvest,and urban sprawl: The vector autoregression approach

This article demonstrates the applicability of vector autoregression (VAR) modeling in probing the causality relationships among wildfire, El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), timber harvest, and urban sprawl in the U.S. The VAR approach allows for the multi-directional, multi-faceted interactions among the variables concerned and enables us to portray the temporal impacts of ENSO, the volume of timber harvested, and urban sprawl on wildfire. The empirical analysis, though intended mainly for illustration, reveals that an individual factor may not affect wildfire activity (number of fires and area burned) when acting alone, but can significantly influence fire activity when coupled with other factors, and that wildfire activity has feedback effects on other variables. The impact of a change in ENSO, the volume of timber harvested, and urban population density on wildfire activity could last two decades with the most noticeable impact occurring in the initial 5–10 years. Though ENSO, timber harvest, and urban sprawl all Granger-cause wildfire activity, the impulse response functions show that wildfire activity is more responsive to urban population density than to the volume of timber harvested or ENSO. Thus, controlling urban sprawl represents another option for wildfire mitigation; and integrative wildfire management is essential.     

Differential responses of honeybee (<Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Apis mellifera</Emphasis>) patrilines to changes in stimuli for the generalist tasks of nursing and foraging

Which task a social insect worker engages in is influenced by the worker’s age, genotype and the colony’s needs. In the honeybee, Apis mellifera, genotype influences both the age a worker switches tasks and its propensity of engaging in specialist tasks, such as water collecting, which only some workers will perform. In this study, we used colonies with natural levels of genetic diversity and manipulated colony age demography to drastically increase the stimuli for the generalist tasks of foraging and nursing, which all workers are thought to engage in at some point in their lives. We examined the representation of worker patrilines engaged in nursing and foraging before and after the perturbation. The representation of patrilines among foragers and nurses differed from that of their overall colony’s population. In the case of foraging, over- and underrepresentation of some patrilines was not simply due to differences in rates of development among patrilines. We show that replacement foragers tend to be drawn from patrilines that were overrepresented among foragers before the perturbation, suggesting that there is a genetic component to the tendency to engage in foraging. In contrast, the representation of patrilines in replacement nurses differed from that in the unperturbed nursing population. Our results show that there is a genetic influence on even the generalist tasks of foraging and nursing, and that the way patrilines in genetically diverse colonies respond to increases in task stimuli depends upon the task. The possible significance of this genetic influence on task allocation is discussed. Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at doi: and is accessible to authorized users.     

红豆杉细胞抗病反应的诱导及其与紫杉醇合成的关系

采用从红豆杉植株不同部位（叶、内皮、根等）分离筛选获得的各种真菌制备的激发子，对6种不同红豆杉细胞株进行诱导作用研究。结果表明，不同细胞对不同真菌制备的激发子的抗病反应有显著的区别，并建立3种-具菌互作模式：极不相容（细胞抗性强，受损小），不相容（抗性强，受损也较严重），相容（细胞抗性小，受损严重）。结果还表明，极不相容和不相容互作模式中细胞的紫杉醇产量显著高于CK，而相容互作模式的细胞不合有紫杉, 同一真菌由不同的方法制备成的不同分子量大小或不同成分的激发子，对细胞的抗病反应与紫杉醇合成的影响不同,这些结果为诱导作用机理及调控红豆杉细胞合成紫杉醇的研究具有指导意义。     

Crop Failure in Dalocha, Ethiopia: A Participatory Emergency Response

This case study of an NGO's response to a food crisis due to crop failure focuses on the extent of active community participation at each stage of the project. With the current debate on the relationship between relief and development, and in particular the focus on encouraging more active community participation in relief responses, this study has relevance both in the Ethiopian context and beyond.
In this example the participation process was greatly facilitated by the prior relationship between the international NGO and the communities, and also by the high level of staff input into the project. Where resources or conditions are less favourable, as might be the case in similar responses by local NGOs or government agencies, the paper suggests that the participatory approach can be adapted or partially implemented and still result in a more effective and locally relevant operation.     

加速遗传算法及其在暴雨强度公式参数优化中的应用

提出了一般非线性自然灾害模型参数优化的一种通用的数值方法———加速遗传算法,分析了该算法控制参数的优化特性,总结出了这些参数的简便设置技术,并给出了它在暴雨强度公式参数优化中的应用实例。该方法可广泛应用于各种自然灾害模型的优化问题。