137Cs示踪技术在滦河源区栗钙土风蚀速率估算中的应用

对采集于滦河源区3个栗钙土剖面中的27个土层样品的pH、有机碳含量、碳酸钙含量、密度及质地进行了化验分析,运用ADCOM100超低本底γ谱仪测定了土壤样品1377Cs的比活度.结果表明,自然栗钙土以及被风蚀土壤剖面中137Cs比活度随深度呈指数递减式分布,其最大渗透深度可达约30cm;利用137Cs示踪技术估算的研究区土壤风蚀速率在0.1842cm·a-1和0.2897cm·a-1之间;栗钙土不同粒径土壤颗粒中137Cs的比活度差异显著,即细粒(粒径≤0.10mm的极细砂、粉粒和黏粒)中137Cs比活度大于细砂(0.10～0.25mm)中137Cs比活度大于粗粒(0.25～2.00mm的中砂、粗砂和极粗砂)中137Cs比活度.可见,运用137Cs示踪法可以定量估算区域土壤风蚀速率,但需综合考虑137s在土壤中的分布、土壤有机质含量和质地等因素,以使其结果将更为准确.     

SO2对Mn-Cu-Ce/TiO2低温选择催化还原NO的影响

研究了SO2对Mn-Cu-Ce/TiO2选择催化还原 NO 的影响,并采用傅立叶变换红外光谱、x射线衍射光谱及暂态响应技术对Mn-Cu-Ce/TiO2催化剂的SO2中毒机理进行了探讨.结果表明,SO2 可强吸附在Mn-Cu-Ce/TiO2表面的 CuO 活性位上.并生成 CuSO4,由于 CuSO4 在低温时对SCR 反应有抑制作用,因而,催化剂的活性下降;暂态响应实验结果表明,Mn-Cu-Ce/TiO2催化剂上的SCR反应主要遵循 Langmuir-Hinshelwood机理.通过对催化剂进行硫酸化或 NO 预吸附,可以消除SO2对 Mn-Cu-Ce/TiO2的毒害作用.     

电絮凝-膜过滤技术处理含铜废水的研究

为了有效控制重金属废水对环境的污染,采用电絮凝-膜过滤技术处理含铜废水,考察了进水pH、电极电流密度和水流量对铜去除率的影响。结果表明:该技术的最佳进水pH值为5.8,电极电流密度为10 A/m2,水流量为2 L/min。在此条件下,对不同浓度的含铜废水进行处理,铜去除率均在95%以上,最高可达99.02%。由此可见,电絮凝-膜过滤技术对含铜废水具有良好的处理效果。     

温州沿海互花米草变迁及其与滩涂开发响应

利用TM数据比较了1993年、2000年和2003年温州沿海互花米草的面积变化,以灵昆岛为例,研究了互花米草引种、繁殖和扩散的特征,并且利用样地和样线对比互花米草与滩涂发育、围垦造陆、海水池塘养殖的相互响应关系.结果显示,温州滩涂互花米草1993～2003年间总面积增加231.99 hm2;互花米草在温州没有形成成熟种子,自然繁殖以根茎为主;在灵昆岛淤长型滩涂上,1993～2003期间互花米草与围垦海堤和海水养殖池塘呈现正响应关系,滩涂淤长速率远大于互花米草,为后者在潮间带中下部扩散提供条件.互花米草对滩涂潮上带的促淤作用明显,因而有利于海水池塘养殖规模扩大,也有利于围海造陆工程.     

基于异质人群响应特征的交通噪声暴露评估研究

考虑异质人群不同声功能需求和时空分布,对异质人群交通噪声暴露特征进行评估。通过集记人口高斯分解和噪声预测,获取特征人群分布数据和交通噪声数据;基于特征人群年龄和声功能需求,标定各年龄段人群噪声响应函数并进行归一化处理,构建异质人群噪声响应曲线;构建交通噪声暴露评估模型,结合获取数据及噪声响应曲线进行噪声暴露评估。结果表明,3类声功能区中人群噪声暴露与年龄变量均呈现类抛物线趋势,40岁左右人群暴露影响较儿童和老人低59.9%左右。人均噪声暴露在夜间明显偏高,尤其在声功能需求较高的第1类声功能区,其人均噪声超标值比昼间高7 d B。特征人群的空间分布对噪声暴露影响显著,工作时段学校区域适学人群集中,其总噪声暴露风险为同等状况住宅区的1.2倍。综合考虑人群特征和时空分布等因素,可更科学地进行区域交通噪声污染评估。     

Quantification of methane emissions from full-scale open windrow composting of biowaste using an inverse dispersion technique

An inverse dispersion technique in conjunction with Open-Path Tunable-Diode-Laser-Spectroscopy (OP-TDLS) and meteorological measurements was applied to characterise methane (CH₄) emissions from an Austrian open-windrow composting plant treating source-separated biowaste. Within the measurement campaigns from July to September 2012 different operating conditions (e.g. before, during and after turning and/or sieving events) were considered to reflect the plant-specific process efficiency. In addition, the tracer technique using acetylene (C₂H₂) was applied during the measurement campaigns as a comparison to the dispersion model. Plant-specific methane emissions varied between 1.7 and 14.3 g CH₄/m³d (1.3–10.7 kg CH₄/h) under real-life management assuming a rotting volume of 18,000 m³. In addition, emission measurements indicated that the turning frequency of the open windrows appears to be a crucial factor controlling CH₄ emissions when composting biowaste. The lowest CH₄ emission was measured at a passive state of the windrows without any turning event (“standstill” and “sieving of matured compost”). Not surprisingly, higher CH₄ emissions occurred during turning events, which can be mainly attributed to the instant release of trapped CH₄. Besides the operation mode, the meteorological conditions (e.g. wind speed, atmospheric stability) may be further factors that likely affect the release of CH₄ emissions at an open windrow system. However, the maximum daily CH₄ emissions of 1 m³ rotting material of the composting plant are only 0.7–6.5% of the potential daily methane emissions released from 1 m³ of mechanically–biologically treated (MBT) waste being landfilled according to the required limit values given in the Austrian landfill ordinance.     

国外用遥感研究灾害的现状及其发展

本文着重介绍了美、苏、加、日等国在使用遥感技术对地震、滑坡、泥石流、火山、洪水等灾害进行观测研究的状况及其发展动态,可供借鉴。     

原子吸收光谱仪的背景校正

介绍了原子吸收光谱仪的５种主要的背景校正技术（邻近谱线技术，连续光源法，塞曼法，自吸法及连续光源单色器波长调节法ＣＥＷＭ）及其主要产品，分析评述了各种校正技术的原理，特点及其应用状况。     

城市生态环境质量分区方法学研究

城市生态环境质量是影响城市景观和居民身心健康的最重要的因素之一，环境质量分区是进行城市生态环境评价的基础性工作，是进行城市环境规划的重要依据之一。本文从环境质量分区的概念阐述入手，在分析传统分区方法的同时，提出城市环境质量分区的遥感技术法，证明遥感技术应用于城市环境质量分区，具有精度高，快速和省力的特点。     

Responses to natural and man-made hazards in Borno, Northeast Nigeria

This is a study of the responses of the people of eastern Borno to the twin hazards of drought and of an irrigation project stranded by the recent low level of Lake Chad. The environmental awareness of the people has been much influenced by access to information, particularly radio. There was a perceptual dissonance; drought is discerned as a natural act of God, but lake recession is seen as man-made. There is also a gap between responses perceived as appropriate and actual responses consequent on the constraints imposed by the process of modernization, notably the introduction of the South Chad Irrigation Project (SOP). Traditional response mechanisms involving the norm of reciprocity, the use of community resources, agricultural adaptations and sharing have become relatively insignificant in Borno. These are being replaced by emigration, lake floor cultivation and household diversification