Integrating channel design and assessment methods based on sediment transport capacity in gravel bed streams

Natural channel design (NCD) and analytical channel design (ACD) are two competing approaches to stable channel design that share fundamental similarities in accounting for sediment transport processes with designs based on hybrid fluvial geomorphology and hydraulic engineering methods. In this paper, we highlight the linkage between ACD's capacity/supply ratio (CSR) and NCD's sediment capacity models (FLOWSED/POWERSED), illustrating how ACD and NCD have reached a point of convergent evolution within the stream restoration toolbox. We modified an existing CSR analytical spreadsheet tool which enabled us to predict relative channel stability using both conventional bed load transport equations and regional sediment regression curves. The stable channel design solutions based on measured data most closely matched the Parker (ACD) and/or Pagosa good/fair (NCD) relationships, which also showed the greatest CSR sensitivity in response to channel alterations. We found that CSR differences among the transport relationships became more extreme the further the design width deviated from the supply reach, suggesting that a stable upstream supply reach may serve as the best design analog. With this paper, we take a step toward resolving lingering controversy in the field of stream restoration, advancing the science and practice by reconciling key differences between ACD and NCD in the context of reach scale morphodynamics.     

Identifying robust strategies for assisted migration in a competitive stochastic metacommunity

Assisted migration (AM) is the translocation of species beyond their historical range to locations that are expected to be more suitable under future climate change. However, a relocated population may fail to establish in its donor community if there is high uncertainty in decision-making, climate, and interactions with the recipient ecological community. To quantify the benefit to persistence and risk of establishment failure of AM under different management scenarios (e.g., choosing target species, proportion of population to relocate, and optimal location to relocate), we built a stochastic metacommunity model to simulate several species reproducing, dispersing, and competing on a temperature gradient as temperature increases over time. Without AM, the species were vulnerable to climate change when they had low population sizes, short dispersal, and strong poleward competition. When relocating species that exemplified these traits, AM increased the long-term persistence of the species most when relocating a fraction of the donor population, even if the remaining population was very small or rapidly declining. This suggests that leaving behind a fraction of the population could be a robust approach, allowing managers to repeat AM in case they move the species to the wrong place and at the wrong time, especially when it is difficult to identify a species’ optimal climate. We found that AM most benefitted species with low dispersal ability and least benefited species with narrow thermal tolerances, for which AM increased extinction risk on average. Although relocation did not affect the persistence of nontarget species in our simple competitive model, researchers will need to consider a more complete set of community interactions to comprehensively understand invasion potential.     

论湖滨带的结构与生态功能

湖滨带作为陆地和湖泊之间的过渡带,是健康湖泊生态系统不可缺少的有机组成部分,属于生态交错带的一种. 明晰湖滨带的结构与生态功能对湖滨带及湖泊的水环境改善与生态修复十分重要. 随着水环境因子的梯度变化,湖滨带的空间结构在横向、纵向和轴向分布上都表现出明显的圈层结构特点. 横向结构由陆向辐射带、水位变幅带和水向辐射带组成;纵向结构由空气、水体、底泥构成;轴向结构则是不同岸段湖滨带的景观变化和层次结构,体现整个湖滨带的全貌和湖滨带类型的组合. 湖滨带的时间结构体现在湖滨带生物及其生境条件随着时间推移的演化规律上,并在“时-空结构”中和人的积极存在紧密联系在一起. 影响时间结构的因素包括生物节律、气候因子、水动力等. 湖滨带在生态环境方面的功能可归纳为6项:污染物截留与净化、捕集和抑制藻类、提高湖滨带的生物多样性、提供野生动植物栖息地、控制沉积和侵蚀、调蓄洪水.      

不同营养状态水体中生态浮床对浮游植物群落的影响

为研究不同营养状态下水体中浮游植物群落对生态浮床系统的响应关系及其影响因素,设不同营养水平试验组〔A组ρ(COD_Cr)、ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(TP)分别为10.0、2.00、0.200 mg/L,B组分别为100.0、20.00、2.000 mg/L〕,每组设对照、框式浮床2个处理,每个处理3个重复. 自2012年8月5日—10月5日,定期对水体营养盐质量浓度、浮游生物群落特征、浮床植物的生长状况进行检测. 结果显示:①2个试验组浮床植物长势良好,其中B组浮床植物茎叶部分干物质量增加7.9倍,浮床系统对水体N、P的净去除率均在60%以上;②浮床系统能明显抑制浮游植物的大量生长(P＜0.05),对浮游植物密度和总生物量在峰值处的最大抑制率可达75.9%(A组)和83.6%(B组);③框式浮床处理中浮游植物的群落结构比对照处理复杂,A组中浮游植物优势种为隐藻门的卵形隐藻(Cryptomonas ovata)、尖尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas acuta)和绿藻门的四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)、小空星藻(Coelastrum microporum),B组为隐藻门的尖尾蓝隐藻和裸藻门的梭形裸藻(Euglena acus);④B组试验中,框式浮床处理浮游植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数显著高于对照处理,生态浮床对浮游植物群落的影响更多体现在提升浮游植物的生物多样性上. 研究表明,浮床系统能高效去除水体N、P,抑制浮游植物的增殖,改变浮游植物的群落结构,并且这些作用受到水体营养水平的影响.      

池杉在三峡水库消落带生态修复中的适应性

冬季淹没和夏季干旱的交替作用会导致三峡水库消落带生态系统质量下降. 为了探索有效的生态系统修复方式,选用池杉树种开展了消落带林泽工程试验,并采用统计分析和RDA(冗余分析)排序对水淹胁迫下池杉的生长响应进行了研究. 结果表明:种植在海拔169 m以上的池杉经历两轮冬季淹水后成活率约为84.52%;树高、冠幅和枝叶密度平均变化量较小,分别为0.10 m、0.04 m和-0.11%,而胸径和枝下高变化明显,平均改变量分别为0.78 cm和-0.64 m;树高、胸径、冠幅和枝叶密度等指标变化率在没顶和部分淹水情况下存在显著差异. 部分淹水时,池杉对水淹胁迫的适应能力较强,随着淹水深度的增加,各生长指标变化量均呈下降趋势,部分植株有枯梢,没顶和部分淹水情况下枯梢率分别为43.56%和11.76%. RDA结果表明,水力条件和初始生长特征共同对淹水后池杉生长变化产生影响,二者对池杉生长指标变化的总体解释率为31.20%,独立解释率分别为11.90%、14.40%,共同解释率为4.90%. 池杉作为适应三峡水库消落带水位变动的本土耐淹树种,其经历水淹后的生长变化不仅与水位变动有关,同时也与其淹水前的生长状态有关. 研究结果有助于三峡水库消落带类似生态修复工程的进一步深入开展.      

Tears,fears and cheers: responses to the post‐disaster school relocation policy in China

This paper reports on the results of a qualitative study on the responses of Chinese school children in one junior middle school and their parents to China's post‐disaster school relocation policy. The sample comprised 22 pairs of parent–child dyads and two pupils whose parents could not be contacted. The study results were reported using Chambers and Wedel's (2009) conceptual framework, which delineates the fundamental elements of a policy. Content analysis was used to generate themes related to policy elements, such as goals, benefits and services. Both repetitive themes and idiosyncratic perspectives were reported so as to present a diversity of views. Despite adjustment difficulties and administrative problems reported by the study participants, the policy attention given to the rapid restoration of formal schooling for children was generally appreciated. The move back to the new school was greeted with cheer.     

蠡湖水环境综合整治工程实施前后水质及水生态差异

为探讨水环境综合治理工程措施对蠡湖水生态环境的改善效果,对工程实施前后蠡湖水生态环境的变化及趋势进行了分析. 结果表明,水环境综合治理工程实施后,蠡湖水质明显好转,水体中ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)、ρ(COD_Mn)和ρ(Chla)年均值显著下降(P<0.01),ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)、ρ(Chla)分别由综合治理前 (1992—2002年平均值) 的5.77、0.19 mg/L和59.90 μg/L降至综合治理后的3.13、0.13 mg/L和27.12 μg/L,ρ(COD_Mn)则由7.09 mg/L降至5.00 mg/L以下;表层沉积物中w(OM)、w(TN)和w(TP)分别由2001年的40.40、1.19、2.61 g/kg降至2012年的19.60、1.16、0.59 g/kg;2012年生态修复工程区内初步形成了一个水生植物较为完整的生态系统. 综合整治后,水质改善效果明显,但部分水体感观指标〔如ρ(TSS)、SD(透明度)〕改善效果不明显,底栖动物优势种群仍为耐污种,生态系统完全恢复还需时日. 因此,有必要进一步开展以提高透明度、恢复沉水植物为核心的生态优化调控,促进蠡湖由藻型浊水稳态向草型清水稳态转变.      

华南退化生态系统三种典型生态恢复模式的小气候效应研究

为了评价南亚热带典型退化生态系统典型生态恢复模式的小气候调节效应,从而为退化生态系统生态恢复方式和造林树种的选择提供参照,作者在广东鹤山森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站的3种典型生态恢复模式样地,自然恢复草坡、马尾松林（Pinus massoniana）、马占相思林（Acacia mangium）中安装了HOBO小气候仪,对光辐射、风速风向、降水、土壤含水量、地温、气温等小气候指标进行为期1年的自动观测,并进行了对比分析,结果表明,（1）华南退化生态系统3种典型生态恢复模式具有不同的小气候效应,在林间温度调节方面,人工林和草坡的平均林间温度相差不大,但草坡的最低、最高温度均比人工林低和高。人工林的林间温度变化较草坡小,具有更好的保温调节作用。对比2种人工林,不管是平均温度还是最高温度马占相思林都略大于针叶林,而二者最低温度相差不明显。针叶林的保温调节作用略优于阔叶的马占相思林;（2）在土壤温度方面,地表温度全年基本都表现为草坡〉马占相思林〉针叶林,草坡的地表温度的波动远大于2种人工林;全年20 cm土壤温度3─12月都表现为草坡〉马占相思林〉针叶林,1─2月相反,草坡20 cm土层的土壤温度波动相对较大,人工林的波动很小。（3）3种恢复模式中,自然恢复草坡的辐射强度明显高于2种人工林,年辐射总量分别马占相思林和针叶林的1.9和5.8倍,马占相思林的年辐射量为针叶林的3倍。人工林,特别是乡土的针叶林能给林下生物构建更为稳定、适中的辐射环境。（4）人工林的平均林间风速、最大阵风风速均少于草坡,针叶林的风速小于阔叶林,针叶林降低风速的效果好于相思林和草坡。（5）人工林的林间相对湿度均高于草坡,针叶林的林间空气湿度略大于相思林,针叶林的保湿效果更好。在退化生态系统恢复过程中?     

生态文明建设要点探索

生态文明是继工业文明之后更高层次的文明,而环境保护是生态文明建设的主要内容。在综合分析生态文明建设的目标、任务、本质、路径、关键和保障等理论问题的基础上,提出生态文明建设的要点:生态文明建设的目标是人与自然和谐,核心任务是生态环境保护,本质是发展方式的转变,关键是科技创新驱动,保障是制度建设。认为通过生态文明建设,可最终实现人类社会的可持续发展。     

生态城市规划需要优先考虑的几个问题

建设生态城市是城市发展的未来方向,而生态城市规划则是生态城市建设的起点,因此在规划中需要优先考虑城市经营成本问题、人力资源转化问题、区域生态安全问题和增长空间控制问题,从而使城市的生态设计建立在理性分析的基础上。