不同植被恢复模式对土壤有机碳分子结构及其稳定性的影响

为揭示不同植被恢复模式对土壤有机碳分子结构及其稳定性的影响机理,分别在浙江凤阳山国家级自然保护区的石梁岙和凤阳湖设置样地,采用13C核磁共振技术分析常绿阔叶林与杉木林、柳杉林与针阔混交林全土和不同粒级(0~0.5、>0.5~2.0、>2.0~5.0、>5.0 mm)土壤团聚体中有机碳的质量分数及其分子结构特征. 结果表明:①常绿阔叶林0~20 cm层全土w(有机碳)(12.84 g/kg)显著高于杉木林(9.98 g/kg),柳杉林(13.93 g/kg)显著高于针阔混交林(11.54 g/kg) (P<0.05). 不同植被恢复模式下,土壤团聚体w(有机碳)总体上均随着粒径的增大呈降低趋势. ②与杉木林相比,常绿阔叶林全土有机碳中w(烷氧碳)较高,w(烷基碳)、w(芳香碳)、w(烷基碳)/w(烷氧碳)、w(疏水碳)/w(亲水碳)则较低,显示常绿阔叶林全土有机碳稳定性较差;与针阔混交林相比,柳杉林全土有机碳中w(烷基碳)、w(烷基碳)/w(烷氧碳)、w(疏水碳)/w(亲水碳)较高,w(烷氧碳)则较低,显示柳杉林全土有机碳稳定性较好. 与0~20 cm层相比,不同植被恢复模式下>20~40 cm层全土w(烷氧碳)均明显降低,w(烷基碳)、w(烷基碳)/w(烷氧碳)、w(疏水碳)/w(亲水碳)均明显升高,有机碳稳定性变好. ③随着粒径的增大,不同植被恢复模式下土壤团聚体的w(烷基碳)、w(烷基碳)/w(烷氧碳)、w(疏水碳)/w(亲水碳)均呈降低趋势,w(烷氧碳)均呈升高趋势,说明团聚体结合的有机碳稳定性逐渐变差. 研究显示,不同植被恢复模式下的不同树种组成是影响土壤有机碳质量分数及其分子结构、稳定性差异的主要因素.      

滨岸缓冲带在河道生态修复中的应用研究

近年来国外在滨岸缓冲带植被的结构、功能和管理研究方面开展了许多研究,国内也越来越重视相关研究。文章概述了滨岸缓冲带的功能、构建原理和国内外的一些应用情况;重点介绍了上海青浦区华新镇境内东风港滨岸缓冲带示范工程,分析了滨岸缓冲带在河道坡岸生态修复中的应用效果。研究表明,滨岸缓冲带具有改善生物栖息地环境质量、稳定坡岸、修复河道生态环境等功能,适合在各类岸坡的生态修复中广泛运用。     

塔里木河流域综合治理的生态效应

结合塔里木河下游输水和中游段输水堤防建设工程,在下游、中游分别设置了9个和3个地下水位和地下水化学特征监测断面,并在中游的3个断面和下游的6个典型断面进行了植物样方调查,以分析综合治理工程的实施对地下水和植被的影响.结果表明,在生态输水影响下,塔里木河下游断流河道两岸地下水位抬升显著,植被的盖度有明显增加,胡杨的当年生枝叶都表现出积极变化;塔里木河中游地区在建有输水堤防又有生态闸的断面地下水位、水质以及植被综合优势比均明显好于无生态闸断面.     

持续放牧和围封对科尔沁退化沙地草地碳截存的影响

研究了科尔沁退化沙地草地持续放牧和围封恢复下土壤-植物系统的碳(C)贮存,以揭示草地管理对C动态的影响.结果表明,0～15cm土壤OC和植物系统贮存的C(包括初级生产固定的C,立枯和地表凋落物C和根系C)贮量大小为:围封10年草地(584g·m^-2和309 g·m^-2)＞围封5年草地(524g·m^-2和146g·m^-2)＞持续放牧草地(493g·m^-2和95 g·m^-2).在围封10年,围封5年和持续放牧草地中,0～15cm土壤贮存C分别占各自土壤-植物系统C的65.3%,78.2%和83.9%.在风蚀严重的科尔沁沙地,持续放牧对植被,土壤及其周围环境有极严重的恶化作用.采取围封恢复措施后,植被恢复和凋落物积累使土壤免遭风蚀,也显著增加了土壤有机质的输入,因而显著作用于大气C的截存.但排除家畜放牧的长期围封使植物C向土壤C的再循环受到限制,截存的大部分C以凋落物的形式积存在土壤表面,需进一步深入研究围封的时间尺度.研究结果表明,退化沙地草地在采取有效的保护措施后,可以由C源变为C汇.     

金属尾矿废弃地的生态恢复

尾矿废弃地是一种典型的退化生态系统。本文通过对其生态恢复所面临问题的研究，讨论了尾矿废弃地生态恢复的理论和方法，分析了使用外来物种对于尾矿废弃地这一独特的退化生态系统进行恢复的可能性，并探索了尾矿废弃地生态恢复的评价标准。     

Hydrologic Controls on Nitrogen and Phosphorous Dynamics in Relict Oxbow Wetlands Adjacent to an Urban Restored Stream

Although wetlands are known to be sinks for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), their function in urban watersheds remains unclear. We analyzed water and nitrate (NO₃^?) and phosphate (PO₄^3?) dynamics during precipitation events in two oxbow wetlands that were created during geomorphic stream restoration in Baltimore County, Maryland that varied in the nature and extent of connectivity to the adjacent stream. Oxbow 1 (Ox1) received 1.6‐4.2% and Oxbow 2 (Ox2) received 4.2‐7.4% of cumulative streamflow during storm events from subsurface seepage (Ox1) and surface flow (Ox2). The retention time of incoming stormwater ranged from 0.2 to 6.7 days in Ox1 and 1.8 to 4.3 days in Ox2. Retention rates in the wetlands ranged from 0.25 to 2.74 g N/m²/day in Ox1 and 0.29 to 1.94 g N/m²/day in Ox2. Percent retention of the NO₃^?‐N load that entered the wetlands during the storm events ranged from 64 to 87% and 23 to 26%, in Ox1 and Ox2, respectively. During all four storm events, Ox1 and Ox2 were a small net source of dissolved PO₄^3? to the adjacent stream (i.e., more P exited than entered the wetland), releasing P at a rate of 0.23‐20.83 mg P/m²/day and 3.43‐24.84 mg P/m²/day, respectively. N and P removal efficiency of the oxbows were regulated by hydrologic connectivity, hydraulic loading, and retention time. Incidental oxbow wetlands have potential to receive urban stream and storm flow and to be significant N sinks, but they may be sources of P in urban watersheds.     

面向管理的海洋修复工程生态绩效考核指标体系构建研究

目前国内关于海洋修复工程的考核研究多为修复工程的生态效果考核,极少包含成本效益考核,以致无法比较和分析不同类型、不同规模的海洋修复工程的生态绩效,不利于海洋修复工程的考核和验收管理。根据当前自然资源部实施“蓝色海湾”等整治修复工程的检查验收管理的新需求,本文构建了基于海洋生态系统健康恢复、生态系统服务价值增长和单位成本生态效益等理论的海洋修复工程生态绩效考核指标体系。此外,本文以温州海域2014—2016年海洋修复的生态绩效的考核为例,结合考核结果以及直接相关性、独立性、可测量性和业务化等指标选取原则,对指标体系进行了改进。结果表明本指标体系可以在海洋修复工程的检查验收中被用于生态绩效考核,管理部门可根据海洋修复工程的类型和管理需求,有选择性地采纳部分或全部指标进行考核。     

矿区土地复垦与生态恢复技术研究

矿产资源的开发利用是社会经济发展的重要支柱,然而大规模地开采造成了土地损毁、环境污染和生态退化等一系列问题,严重制约了采矿业的可持续发展.近年来,我国加强了对矿区土地复垦与生态恢复工作的重视,使得矿区生态环境得到一定程度的改善,但总体仍存在复垦率低和复垦效果差等问题.基于此,本文概述了国内外矿区土地复垦的发展历史及特征...     

A restoration-promoting integrated floating bed and its experimental performance in eutrophication remediation

Numerous studies on eutrophication remediation have mainly focused on purifying water first, then restoring submerged macrophytes. A restoration-promoting integrated floating bed （RPIFB） was designed to combine the processes of water purification and macrophyte restoration simultaneously. Two outdoor experiments were conducted to evaluate the ecological functions of the RP1FB. Trial 1 was conducted to compare the eutrophication purification among floating bed, gradual-submerging bed （GSB） and RPIFB technologies. The results illustrated that RPIFB has the best purification capacity. Removal efficiencies of RPIFB for TN, TP,NH4＋-N, NO3-N, CODcr, Chlorophyll-a and turbidity were 74.45%, 98.31%, 74.71%, 88.81%, 71.42%, 90.17% and 85%, respectively. In trial 2, influences of depth of GSB and photic area in RPIFB on biota were investigated. When the depth of GSB decreased and the photic area of RPIFB grew, the height of Potamogeton crispus Linn. increased, but the biomass of Canna indica Linn. was reduced. The mortalities of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus and Bellamya aeruginosa in each group were all less than 7%. All results indicated that when the RPIFB was embedded into the eutrophic water, the regime shift from phytoplankton-dominated to macrophyte-dominated state could be promoted. Thus, the RPIFB is a promising remediation technology for eutrophication and submerged macrophyte restoration.     

伊乐藻-固定化氮循环菌技术入湖河道修复研究

从太湖金墅湾水体筛选出包括土著氨化、亚硝化、硝化和反硝化细菌的氮循环菌,固定于多孔性载体内,对伊乐藻-固定化氮循环菌联用技术在秋冬季太湖金墅湾水源地入湖河道水体生态修复效果进行了研究.经室内生态修复模拟与原位围隔实验表明,伊乐藻-固定化氮循环菌联用对水质改善效果要优于单独使用伊乐藻或固定化氮循环菌,该技术对原位入湖河道有效去除率为:总氮5.9%~61.2%,氨氮12.4~70.3%,硝氮6.1%~68.0%,COD 4.2%~78.5%;通过氮循环菌释放可明显提高水体氮循环菌数量,MPN值比对照水体高出3~4个数量级;相关性分析表明,差异性显著(P<0.01).经5个月原位围隔试验表明,伊乐藻-氮循环菌联用技术可有效降低秋冬季入湖河道营养盐负荷,有助于控制湖泊水源地富营养化.