酸性土壤环境石油烃生物降解效应

污染场地酸性土壤环境和生物修复土壤酸化,使得酸性土壤环境石油烃生物降解效应影响与有效调控成为污染土壤修复的重要内容.本文通过监测酸性和偏碱性土壤中微生物数量、活性以及石油烃含量变化,探讨酸性环境对除油微生物及烃降解效率的影响.通过投加富集菌液和生物载体,调控酸性土壤微生态环境,揭示微环境调控对于烃生物降解效应影响.研究结果表明,pH为5.4～5.7的酸性土壤,对土著除油微生物活性和数量具有显著抑制性,烃降解处于停滞状态.投加富集菌液未能有效地减弱酸性环境对除油微生物的强烈抑制作用.微生物数量在14d内从10⁶个/ g减至0,微生物FDA(FluoresceinDiacetate)活性很低,约0.10Abs/g .生物载体的投加,能有效改善介质界面微生态环境,明显减弱酸性环境的抑制效应,减缓除油微生物死亡速率.19d时土壤中降解微生物由原来的2×10⁶个/g下降到2.2×10²个/g ,第49d石油烃的生物降解率为13.02%.     

安全生产标准化激励约束机制的建立探讨

安全生产标准化建设是规范安全生产管理,完善安全生产条件,提高安全生产水平,改进安全生产绩效,建立安全生产长效机制,促进企业在装备、管理和人员三方面得到全面提升的重要举措。明确了安全生产标准化的主要目的和工作内容;介绍了安全生产标准化开展的背景;分析了安全生产标准化开展过程中存在的认识不足、氛围不浓厚、长效机制未建立等主要问题;从贯彻国务院要求、落实文件规范、真正取得实效、完善工作机制等四个方面阐述了建立安全生产标准化激励约束机制的必要性;对建立安全生产标准化激励约束机制的具体做法进行了探究,提出了加大宣传、明确责任、政策先行、经济激励、深入调研等五个方面的具体措施;最后给作为引导者的政府和作为执行者的企业提出了相关建议。     

Use of child safety seats and booster seats in the United States: A comparison of parent/caregiver-reported and observed use estimates

Background: Motor-vehicles crashes are a leading cause of death among children. Age- and size-appropriate restraint use can prevent crash injuries and deaths among children. Strategies to increase child restraint use should be informed by reliable estimates of restraint use practices. Objective: Compare parent/caregiver-reported and observed child restraint use estimates from the FallStyles and Estilos surveys with the National Survey of the Use of Booster Seats (NSUBS). Methods: Estimates of child restraint use from two online, cross-sectional surveys—FallStyles, a survey of U.S. adults, and Estilos, a survey of U.S. Hispanic adults—were compared with observed data collected in NSUBS. Parents/caregivers of children aged ≤ 12 years were asked about the child’s restraint use behaviors in FallStyles and Estilos, while restraint use was observed in NSUBS. Age-appropriate restraint use was defined as rear-facing child safety seat (CSS) use for children aged 0–4 years, forward-facing CSS use for children aged 2–7 years, booster seat use for children aged 5–12 years, and seat belt use for children aged 9–12 years. Age-appropriate restraint users are described by demographic characteristics and seat row, with weighted prevalence and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) calculated. Results: Overall, child restraint use as reported by parents/caregivers was 90.8% (CI: 87.5–94.1) (FallStyles) and 89.4% (CI: 85.5–93.4) for observed use (NSUBS). Among Hispanic children, reported restraint use was 82.6% (CI: 73.9–91.3) (Estilos) and 84.4% (CI: 79.0–88.6) for observed use (NSUBS, Hispanic children only). For age-appropriate restraint use, estimates ranged from 74.3% (CI: 69.7–79.0) (FallStyles) to 59.7% (CI: 55.0–64.4) (NSUBS), and for Hispanic children, from 71.5% (CI: 62.1–81.0) (Estilos) to 57.2% (CI: 51.2–63.2) (NSUBS, Hispanic children only). Conclusion and Practical Application: Overall estimates of parent/caregiver-reported and observed child restraint use were similar. However, for age-appropriate restraint use, reported use was higher than observed use for most age groups.