Effects of chemical modification on physicochemical properties and adsorption behavior of sludge-based activated carbon

This study aimed to explore the adsorption performance of sludge-based activated carbon (SBC) towards dissolved organic matters (DOMs) removal from sewage, and investigated the modification effect of different types of chemicals on the structure of synthesized SBC. Waste activated sludge (WAS) was used as a carbon source, and HCl, HNO₃, and NaOH were used as different types of chemicals to modify the SBC. With the aid of chemical activation, the modified SBC showed higher adsorption performances on DOMs removal with maximum adsorption of 29.05 mg/g and second-order constant (k) of 0.1367 (L/mol/sec) due to the surface elution of ash and minerals by chemicals. The surface elemental composition of MSBC suggested that the content of C-C and C-O functional groups on the surface of modified sludge-based activated carbon (MSBC) played an important role on the adsorption capacities of MSBC towards DOMs removal in sewage. Additionally, the residual molecular weight of DOMs in sewage was investigated using a 3-dimension fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM) and high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HP-SEC). Results showed that the chemical modification significantly improved the adsorption capacity of MSBC on humic acids (HA) and aromatic proteins (APN), and both of NaOH-MSBC and HCl-MSBC were effective for a wide range of different AMW DOMs removal from sewage, while the HNO₃-MSBC exhibited poorly on AMW organics of 2,617 Da and 409 Da due to the reducing content of macropore. In brief, this study provides reference values for the impact of the chemicals of the activation stage before the SBCs application.     

不同碳源对两株真菌纤维素酶合成的诱导和调控

定时测定B-6(Aspergillus sp.)、AS3.3711(Trichoderma sp.)在各类碳源中的纤维素酶活力，结果发现，酶的合成受培养基中碳源性质的调节控制。结构相对完整的纤维类物质（α-纤维素粉、微晶纤维素）诱导活性较高，电泳结果表明，纤维素酶系是协同表达的，但酶系各组分的百分比在不同的诱导条件下却各不相同。在测定糖耗与酶活力的关系中发现纤维二糖直接诱导B-6纤维素酶的合成，对AS3.3711则起了间接诱导作用，其经菌体代谢后的某种转化产物才是AS3.3711纤维素酶合成的真正诱导源。图6表1参14     

春玉米种植密度对土壤有机碳组分的影响

通过西辽河灌区连续3 a的田间试验,研究春玉米不同种植密度（60 000、75 000和90 000株·hm-2）下土壤有机碳组分的质量分数及空间分布特征,阐明了春玉米种植密度对不同层次土壤有机碳组分的影响机制。结果表明：高、低密度均增加土壤0～40 cm土层有机碳质量分数,中密度下促进土壤微生物生物量碳增加。随着种植密度的加大土壤中活性有机碳增加,轻组有机碳减少。玉米生长主要促进10～20 cm土层有机碳的耗损,高密度下促进犁底层（20～40 cm）土壤有机碳质量分数及其活性,使其轻组有机碳减少,微生物生物量碳增加。低密度下主要增加表层（0～10 cm）土壤有机碳质量分数。种植密度通过影响根系群体生物量及其分布,调节土壤微生物活性、残落物碳输入影响土壤有机碳组分。适当的增加春玉米种植密度有利于春玉米农田高产固碳。     

重庆市主城区春夏季不同粒径颗粒物污染特征分析

采用多通道采样器,采集重庆市主城区PM1.0、PM2.5和PM103种粒径的颗粒物样品,结果显示采样期间PM1.0、PM2.5和PM10日浓度均值分别为0.057 mg/m3、0.075 mg/m3和0.120 mg/m3,主城区颗粒物污染较为严重。对3种粒径颗粒物样品中的碳组分、水溶性组分以及无机污染元素组分进行分析...     

气候变暖背景下森林土壤碳循环研究进展

由人类活动引起的温室效应以及由此造成的气候变暖对森林牛态系统的影响已引起人们的普遍关注.森林土壤碳循环作为全球碳循环的重要组成部分,是决定未来陆地牛物嘲表现为碳源/碳汇的关键环节,揭示这一作用对于准确理解全球变化背景下陆地生态系统碳循环过程具有重要的指导意义.本文主要通过论述影响土壤碳循环过程的5个方面(土壤呼吸、土壤微生物、土壤酶活性、凋落物输入与分解、土壤碳库),综述了近10 a来全球气候变暖对土壤碳循环过程的影响.近年来,尽管已开展了大量有关土壤碳循环对气候变暖的响应及反馈机制的研究,并取得了一定的成果,但研究结果仍然存在很大的不确定性.整合各种密切关联的全球变化现象,完善研究方法和实验手段,加强根际微生态系统碳循环过程与机理研究将是下一步研究的方向和重点.参70     

北京大气颗粒物碳质组分粒径分布的季节变化特征

为了解有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)在北京大气颗粒物中的季节变化、粒径分布和来源,于2010年3月—2011年2月采用惯性撞击分级采样器采集大气颗粒物样品,热光碳分析仪测定其中有机碳和元素碳质量浓度.结果表明,OC在粗细粒子中含量相当,EC主要存在于细粒子中,在<2.1μm颗粒物中分别占(52±11)%和(70±22)%.OC存在明显的季节变化,冬、夏季高于春、秋季,而EC则表现为冬、秋季大于春、夏季.OC和EC粒径分布呈"双峰型",细粒子段峰值分别位于0.43—1.1μm和0.43—0.65μm,粗粒子段峰值均位于4.7—5.8μm.四季峰值对应的粒径段、峰宽和峰高存在差异.OC与EC粒径分布和相关性的季节变化表明,冬季OC与EC的主要来源为燃煤排放,夏季EC的主要来源为机动车尾气.     

森林新近凋落叶溶出DOM的性质及其对菲增溶作用的影响

凋落叶作为森林凋落物的主要组成部分,其溶出的大量有机质也是森林土壤可溶性有机质（DOM）的主要来源之一。研究森林凋落叶溶出DOM对PAHs增溶作用的影响有利于合理预测及评价森林土壤中PAHs的环境行为和生态风险。本研究采集了南亚热带常绿阔叶人工林的4种常见树种--尾叶桉（Eucalyptus urophylla）、木荷（Schima superba）、大叶相思（Acacia auriculiformis）和湿地松（Pinus elliottii）的新近凋落叶为试验材料,研究其DOM含量、组成与性质,对比分析了不同凋落叶DOM对菲的増溶作用及其与DOM性质的相关关系。结果表明,4种凋落叶的可溶性有机碳（DOC）质量分数在C 11.61~36.25 mg·g-1之间,其中尾叶桉的含量最大,湿地松最小。尾叶桉和木荷DOM的主要组分是可溶性糖（SS）和可溶性酚（SP）,两者总C量占DOC的比例超过47%,而大叶相思和湿地松中SS和SP两者总量所占比例均低于30%。另外,4种凋落叶DOM的质量分数（以C计）与其电导率的线性关系图中有明显转折点,说明它们均具有表面活性剂的性质。凋落叶DOM在临界胶束浓度（CMC）之上对菲具有不同程度的増溶作用,其与菲的结合系数（logKDOC）的大小顺序为尾叶桉（3.05 L·kg-1）＞木荷（3.02 L·kg-1）＞大叶相思（2.79 L·kg-1）＞湿地松（2.54 L·kg-1）,这表明尾叶桉和木荷DOM的增溶作用明显高于大叶相思和湿地松DOM。经分析表明,logKDOC与各DOM在254、280 nm处的特征紫外吸光度值（SUV-A254、SUV-A280）及其SS、SP的相对含量均呈显著正相关（p＜0.01）,与A240/A420、A254/A400比值呈显著负相关（p＜0.01）,说明DOM的芳香化程度越高,分子量越大, SS与SP所占比例越高,其对菲的増溶效果越明显。     

利用方式对紫色水稻土有机碳与颗粒态有机碳的影响

土壤是陆地生态系统中重要的动态碳库,其微小的变化可能带来对全球大气CO2浓度的较大变化。颗粒态有机碳在土壤中周转速度较快,比土壤总有机碳更易受土地利用方式的影响,对于评价土地利用变化对土壤碳固定过程影响具有重要意义。采集不同的耕作、轮作和施肥处理的14年28茬的紫色土长期试验土壤,分析有机碳与颗粒态有机碳含量在土壤及不同深度分布特点,结果表明:长期垄作免耕并实行水稻(Oryza sativa)油菜(Brassica)轮作的利用方式下,0～10cm土层土壤有机碳与颗粒态有机碳含量明显高于其他利用方式下,而稻油水旱轮作平作利用方式下最低。整个耕层0～30cm深度的土壤有机碳含量介于8.92～29.98g·kg-1之间,颗粒态有机碳含量变幅为0.54～3.43g·kg-1之间,且存在随深度递增而降低的趋势。土壤有机碳与颗粒态有机碳都可用作评价利用方式影响紫色水稻土土壤质量变化与固碳能力的有效指标,但颗粒有机碳对于管理措施的响应更为敏感。从总有机碳与颗粒有机碳的关系来看,不同管理下有机碳的增加与土壤物理保护能力的提高有关。垄作免耕(稻油)的利用方式最有利于有机碳的保护和稳定。     

Effects of salinity on soil bacterial and archaeal community in estuarine wetlands and its implications for carbon sequestration: verification in the Yellow River Delta

Soils from two typical tidal salt marshes with varied salinity in the Yellow River Delta wetland were analysed to determine possible effects of salinity on soil carbon sequestration through changes in soil microbiology. The mean soil respiration (SR) of the salt water–fresh water mixing zone (MZ) was 2.89 times higher than that of the coastal zone (CZ) (4.73 and 1.63?μmol?m^?2?s^?1, respectively, p?Pseudomonas sp. and Limnobacter sp. that might have led to its higher dehydrogenase activity and respiratory rates. Additionally, the CZ possessed more Halobacteria and Thaumarchaeota with the ability to fix CO₂ than the MZ. Significantly lower soil salinity in MZ (4.25?g?kg^?1) was suitable for β-Proteobacteria, but detrimental for Halobacteria compared with CZ (7.09?g?kg^?1, p?相似文献   

Translating the 10 golden rules of reforestation for coral reef restoration

Efforts are accelerating to protect and restore ecosystems globally. With trillions of dollars in ecosystem services at stake, no clear framework exists for developing or prioritizing approaches to restore coral reefs even as efforts and investment opportunities to do so grow worldwide. Restoration may buy time for climate change mitigation, but it lacks rigorous guidance to meet objectives of scalability and effectiveness. Lessons from restoration of terrestrial ecosystems can and should be rapidly adopted for coral reef restoration. We propose how the 10 golden rules of effective forest restoration can be translated to accelerate efforts to restore coral reefs based on established principles of resilience, management, and local stewardship. We summarize steps to undertake reef restoration as a management strategy in the context of the diverse ecosystem service values that coral reefs provide. Outlining a clear blueprint is timely as more stakeholders seek to undertake restoration as the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration begins.