基于PMF模型的九龙江流域农田土壤重金属来源解析

选取九龙江流域农田土壤为研究对象,运用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)和原子荧光光谱(AFS)测定了土壤中重金属含量,通过正定矩阵因子分析模型(PMF)解析农田土壤中重金属的主要来源.结果表明,研究区域农田土壤中大部分金属相对福建省土壤环境背景值已存在一定程度的富集,部分土壤中Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu含量超过农用地土壤污染风险筛选值(GB15618-2018),且各金属在研究区不同区域(北溪流域、西溪流域和河口区)分布存在中等变异.Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn和Cd的含量在北溪流域的龙岩区域较高,Pb的含量在西溪流域较高,而Co、Hg和As的含量在河口区域较高.正定矩阵因子分析模型(PMF)得出的源成分谱和源贡献率具有非负性质,土壤中重金属实测值与模型预测值拟合曲线呈现较好相关性,结果相对合理,能满足研究需要.正定矩阵因子分析模型(PMF)解析得出:研究区农田土壤中重金属主要来源有自然源、农业活动、燃煤释放和工业活动,其对农田土壤中重金属的综合贡献率分别为37. 0%、26. 7%、17. 6%和18. 7%.     

Soil and vegetation carbon stocks in Brazilian Western Amazonia: relationships and ecological implications for natural landscapes

The relationships between soils attributes, soil carbon stocks and vegetation carbon stocks are poorly know in Amazonia, even at regional scale. In this paper, we used the large and reliable soil database from Western Amazonia obtained from the RADAMBRASIL project and recent estimates of vegetation biomass to investigate some environmental relationships, quantifying C stocks of intact ecosystem in Western Amazonia. The results allowed separating the western Amazonia into 6 sectors, called pedo-zones: Roraima, Rio Negro Basin, Tertiary Plateaux of the Amazon, Javari-Juruá-Purus lowland, Acre Basin and Rondonia uplands. The highest C stock for the whole soil is observed in the Acre and in the Rio Negro sectors. In the former, this is due to the high nutrient status and high clay activity, whereas in the latter, it is attributed to a downward carbon movement attributed to widespread podzolization and arenization, forming spodic horizons. The youthful nature of shallow soils of the Javari-Juruá-Purus lowlands, associated with high Al, results in a high phytomass C/soil C ratio. A similar trend was observed for the shallow soils from the Roraima and Rondonia highlands. A consistent east–west decline in biomass carbon in the Rio Negro Basin sector is associated with increasing rainfall and higher sand amounts. It is related to lesser C protection and greater C loss of sandy soils, subjected to active chemical leaching and widespread podzolization. Also, these soils possess lower cation exchangeable capacity and lower water retention capacity. Zones where deeply weathered Latosols dominate have a overall pattern of high C sequestration, and greater than the shallower soils from the upper Amazon, west of Madeira and Negro rivers. This was attributed to deeper incorporation of carbon in these clayey and highly pedo-bioturbated soils. The results highlight the urgent need for refining soil data at an appropriate scale for C stocks calculations purposes in Amazonia. There is a risk of misinterpreting C stocks in Amazonia when such great pedological variability is not taken into account.     

Remediation of metal-contaminated soils with the addition of materials - part II: leaching tests to evaluate the efficiency of materials in the remediation of contaminated soils

The effect of the addition of materials on the leaching pattern of As and metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, and Cd) in two contaminated soils was investigated. The examined materials included bentonites, silicates and industrial wastes, such as sugar foam, fly ashes and a material originated from the zeolitization of fly ash. Soil + material mixtures were prepared at 10% doses. Changes in the acid neutralization capacity, crystalline phases and contaminant leaching over a wide range of pHs were examined by using pH_stat leaching tests. Sugar foam, the zeolitic material and MX-80 bentonite produced the greatest decrease in the leaching of pollutants due to an increase in the pH and/or the sorption capacity in the resulting mixture. This finding suggests that soil remediation may be a feasible option for the reuse of non-hazardous wastes.     

套种条件下混合螯合剂对污染土壤Cd淋滤行为的影响

为了研究螯合剂对污染土壤Cd向下迁移的影响,对采自广东省乐昌市和清远市的2种铅锌矿废水污染水稻土（分别为中性和酸性土壤）进行100 cm土柱室外淋溶试验,研究在玉米与东南景天套种系统中,在5 mmol.kg-1土的混合螯合剂[MC∶柠檬酸∶味精废液∶EDTA∶KCl（摩尔比）=10∶1∶2∶3]的强化作用下对2种污染土壤中Cd的淋滤行为的影响.结果表明,施加混合螯合剂后第2 d,混合螯合剂能明显提高2种土壤各土层淋滤液Cd浓度;施后第8 d混合螯合剂仍能继续提高中性土壤20 cm以下土层和酸性土壤60 cm以下土层淋滤液Cd的浓度,但其活化作用均已迅速下降.施后第2 d和第8 d,2种土壤各土层的套种＋MC处理的淋滤液Cd浓度均超过国家地下水质量标准（GB/T 14848-93）.施加混合螯合剂可降低中性土壤表层全Cd量.不同处理的土壤Cd均有向下层迁移的趋势,尤其是酸性土壤,在20 cm和40 cm处不同处理的全Cd量与起始值比较分别下降了40%～58%和39%～49%,经过100 d的修复即可达到土壤环境质量标准（GB 15618-1995）.上述结果表明,施用混合螯合剂对Cd污染土壤的地下水水质存在一定的潜在污染风险.     

北京地区菜田土壤抗生素抗性基因的分布特征

为研究北京地区菜田土壤抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)的污染状况和分布特征,采集了11个长期施用粪肥蔬菜基地的温室土壤和大田土壤,进行了抗生素以及ARGs种类和丰度的检测.结果表明,菜田土壤中四环素类抗生素残留量最高,其次为磺胺类抗生素,温室土壤抗生素残留普遍高于大田土壤.温室和大田土壤磺胺类抗性基因sul1、sul2和四环素类抗性基因tet L的检出率均为100%.温室土壤的Ⅰ类整合子(int I1)检出率比大田土壤高1.5倍.定量PCR的检测结果表明,菜田土壤中sul2和tet L的相对丰度介于10-4~10-2之间,温室土壤sul2和tet L的相对丰度普遍高于大田土壤.sul2的相对丰度与磺胺二甲嘧啶和强力霉素的含量显著正相关(P0.05),tet L相对丰度与抗生素含量无明显相关性(P0.05).本研究结果对于掌握北京地区农田土壤ARGs的污染现状,以及从ARGs角度评估农艺措施具有重要的指导意义.     

宿根甘蔗根际土壤细菌多样性分析中培养法与非培养法比较研究

采用培养法和非培养法提取甘蔗根际土壤微生物的总DNA,基于通用引物PCR扩增构建两种方法的细菌16SrDNA文库,并进行核糖体DNA扩增片段限制性内切酶分析(ARDRA),通过部分克隆序列测定构建细菌克隆文库的系统发育树,进而对基于传统的细菌平板培养法和直接提取总细菌DNA的非培养法进行比较分析.结果显示,非培养法文库的香侬–威纳指数、辛普森指数、丰富度分别为4.94、0.998、28.91,均高于培养法文库中相应的多样性参数(分别为4.27、0.996、16.79),均一度数值都>0.95.结合统计学数据和序列测定信息,反映出甘蔗根际土壤存在着丰富的细菌多样性,但平板培养法所展现的多样性低于直接提取法,表明前者存在着很大的局限性,而非培养法文库中主要是未培养微生物的16S rDNA序列,这从一个侧面反映了土壤样品中未培养微生物占很大比例.因此,在土壤微生物群落研究中,必须结合新的分子生态学技术手段,如采用直接提取总DNA的方法进行研究,才能比较全面地认识土壤微生物多样性.图3表3参18     

Risk assessment for safety of soils and vegetables around a lead/zinc mine

Concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu) were determined in soils and vegetables (chrysanthemum, spinach and four cultivars of Chinese cabbage from the area adjacent to a Pb/Zn mine in Shaoxing, Zhejiang province, China, and compared with the Chinese National Standards for Soil Environmental Quality. The accumulation of heavy metals in cabbage cv. Siyuegreen was investigated at different distances from the center of the mine. The vegetable plantation soils were polluted with Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn, especially by Pb and Cd. The levels of Pb and Cd were 20 and 30 times higher than the permitted standards, indicating that this Pb/Zn mining area is unsuitable for agricultural use. Chinese cabbage, chrysanthemum and spinach had different enrichment coefficients. The enrichment coefficient of Cd from soil to roots of chrysanthemum was >80% and from roots to leaves of cabbage cv. Shanghaigreen was >120%. These vegetables were polluted by heavy metals and could not be regarded as safe for human consumption. Environmental accumulation of heavy metals in the vegetable plantation soils was proportional to heavy metal accumulation in vegetables and both were inversely proportional to the distance from the lead/zinc mine.     

4种农药对土壤脱氢酶活性的影响

通过天王星、功夫、久效磷、氧化乐果4种农药对土壤脱氢酶活性的抑制性进行试验,确认了实验条件的影响因素,同时分析了不同农药用量、不同土样用量及不同培养时间对脱氢酶活性的影响。试验结果表明,4种农药在不同情况下对脱氢酶活性均有不同程度的抑制作用,表明了在本地区特有的农业环境条件下,农用化学物质可能会影响和破坏农业生态环境。     

内生菌在修复重金属污染土壤的研究进展

内生菌是生活于植物的各组织、器官内部,但并不使植物表现出有害症状的真菌、细菌或放线菌。因其具有固氮、矿物溶解、光合作用、载运铁、利用1－氨基环丙烷－1羧酸为唯一氮源、传递营养物质等作用,内生菌在修复重金属污染土壤方面具有重要应用潜力。本文综述了内生菌及其抗重金属机理（促进植物生长和拮抗重金属方面）研究进展,以期为修复重金属污染土壤提供新思路。