Use pattern of pesticides and their predicted mobility into shallow groundwater and surface water bodies of paddy lands in Mahaweli river basin in Sri Lanka

Pesticides applied on agricultural lands reach groundwater by leaching, and move to offsite water bodies by direct runoff, erosion and spray drift. Therefore, an assessment of the mobility of pesticides in water resources is important to safeguard such resources. Mobility of pesticides on agricultural lands of Mahaweli river basin in Sri Lanka has not been reported to date. In this context, the mobility potential of 32 pesticides on surface water and groundwater was assessed by widely used pesticide risk indicators, such as Attenuation Factor (AF) index and the Pesticide Impact Rating Index (PIRI) with some modifications. Four surface water bodies having greater than 20% land use of the catchment under agriculture, and shallow groundwater table at 3.0 m depth were selected for the risk assessment. According to AF, carbofuran, quinclorac and thiamethoxam are three most leachable pesticides having AF values 1.44 × 10^?2, 1.87 × 10^?3 and 5.70 × 10^?4, respectively. Using PIRI, offsite movement of pesticides by direct runoff was found to be greater than with the erosion of soil particles for the study area. Carbofuran and quinclorac are most mobile pesticides by direct runoff with runoff fractions of 0.01 and 0.08, respectively, at the studied area. Thiamethoxam and novaluron are the most mobile pesticides by erosion with erosion factions of 1.02 × 10^?4 and 1.05 × 10^?4, respectively. Expected pesticide residue levels in both surface and groundwater were predicted to remain below the USEPA health advisory levels, except for carbofuran, indicating that pesticide pollution is unlikely to exceed the available health guidelines in the Mahaweli river basin in Sri Lanka.     

北京地区稻田上空甲烷浓度的监测

通过对北京地区稻田种植上空甲烷浓度持续２ａ的观测发现,该地区大气中１９９２和１９９３年甲烷的年平均浓度１．１６,１．１７μｇ／Ｌ,且季节性变化规律以及年际变化规律有比较的趋势,一年中当地上空甲烷的浓度呈明显的冬春低夏秋高的趋势,且夏季甲烷浓度的变化幅度比较大。该地区甲烷浓度的日变化趋势不明显。在水稻期内的７、８月莘,稻上空甲烷浓度和水稻甲烷排放速率有密切的关系,动态分析表明,该地区大气中甲烷浓度年     

GIS支持下的广西早稻春季冷害区划研究

利用广西省90个气象台站1961-2006年气候资料和站点地理信息,建立了早稻冷害指标的空间分析模型;依托GIS软件平台,利用1:25万广西基础地理背景数据,按照1km×1km细网格推算出早稻冷害指标的空间分布;运用GIS技术划分出广西早稻低温冷害中无冷害、轻度冷害、中度冷害和严重冷害的4个区域的分区结果,并对区划结果进行了评述和建议.     

农杆菌介导的抗除草剂基因转入两系杂交稻恢复系的研究

利用农杆菌水稻高效转化系统,成功地将外源ＢＡＲ基因转入实用性两系要交稻恢复系Ｒ１８７和秀水０４,经过除草剂Ｂａｓｔａ田间涂布试验,其阳性率达到９０％以上。对转基因植株同步进行的ＰＣＲ特异扩增和总ＤＮＡ Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ检测结果也证实抗Ｂａｓｔａ的植株中含有ＢＡＲ基因。讨论了应用转ＢＡＲ基因的方法提高两系杂交水稻制种纯度的条件。图２表１参３     

盐胁迫下耐盐与盐敏感水稻的RAPD和POD同工酶检测

对耐盐、一般耐盐和盐敏感３种水稻材料进行了ＲＡＰＤ和同工酶检测,结果发现：３３个引物（Ｎ－１－Ｎ－１２,Ｓ４５０－Ｓ４７０）中,２７个引物具有拉增产物,拉增片段大小分布在０．２－３．４ｋｂ之间,说明在一定程度上反映了３种对盐具有不同耐盐性水稻在基因组ＤＮＡ分子水平上的差异,以Ｓ４５０为引物,在强耐盐的７７９中扩增出１个１．１ｋｂ的特异ＤＮＡ片段（Ｓ４５０１１００）,而在对盐敏感的早花２号中,以Ｎ－     

三峡库区复合农业生态系统及其建设途径

通过田间试验研究了长江三峡库区主要的复合农业生态系统类型及其特点。应用生态学原理和间套作技术,在三峡地区建立了“小麦－玉米－红薯、小麦－蔬菜、柑桔－小麦、稻田复合系统”等多种复合农业生态系统。田间试验结果表明,旱地采用“小麦－蔬菜”方式比传统的“小麦－玉米－红薯”方式提高经济效益４０％￣４７％,“中稻鸭鱼”模式的水稻产量达到了９５４０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,比对照提高１２．５％。中稻－鱼、中稻－鸭鱼、中稻     

Nitrogen interception in floodwater of rice field in Taihu region of China

A field experiment located in Taihu Lake Basin of China was conducted,by application of urea or a mixture of urea with manure, to elucidate the interception of nitrogen(N)export in a typical rice field through"zero-drainage water management"combined with sound irrigation,rainfall forecasting and field drying,N concentrations in floodwater rapidly declined before the first event of field drying after three split fertilizations,and subsequently tended to retum to the background level.Before the first field drying,total particulate nitrogen(TPN)was the predominant N form in floodwater of plots with no N input,dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN)on plots that received urea only,and dissolved organic nitrogen(DON)on plots treated with the mixture of urea and manure.Thereafter TPN became the major form.No N export was found from the rice field,but total nitrogen(TN)of 15.8 kg/hm~2 was remained,mainly due to soil N sorption.The results recommended the zero-drainage water management for full-scale areas for minimizing N export.     

HCO3^—对不同水稻品种Zn吸收运输的影响

应用营养液培养的方法,研究了不同Zn浓度下,HCO3^-对缺Zn敏感和耐性水稻品种生长及Zn吸收运输的影响。结果表明,在低Zn浓度下,HCO3^-明显抑制敏感品种根的生长,但对耐性品种根生长有轻微的促进作用;HCO3^-降低缺Zn敏感品种对Zn的吸收及Zn从根向地上部的运输,而对耐性品种影响较小,HCO3^-抑制缺Zn敏感品种生长并诱导缺Zn的最初作用可能是抑制根的生长,进而影响Zn的吸收和运输。     

温敏核不育水稻双低-S单胞期花药蛋白质的固相双向电泳分析

对温敏感核不育水稻双低-S不同温度下的单胞期花药蛋白质进行固相双向电泳分离,经银染后,获得了清晰而稳定的图谱。以300ug左右的蛋白质进行电泳,分离开的蛋白点(多肽)可超过500个.在32℃温度下的花药蛋白点要比19℃温度下多,其中蛋白质点(MW14KD,pI5.4)在19℃可育条件时稳定出现。32℃不育条件时却缺失;而蛋白质点(pI7.6)和蛋白质点(pI7.8)非常明显的在不育条件下出现,而在可育条件下缺失。     

覆盖旱作水稻的生物效应及吸氮特征

研究了田间条件下旱作水稻半腐解秸秆覆盖、蚕豆秆覆盖、地膜覆盖、纸膜覆盖、生稻草覆盖 5种覆盖方式的吸氮特征 ;水稻水作与旱作的产量及其构成因素 ;水稻水作与旱作条件下灌溉水的利用效率。结果表明 ,旱作条件下水稻各部位的含氮量均大于水作 ;旱作水稻的氮素吸收、累积主要在拔节期以后 ,而水作水稻从移栽后就大量吸收氮素 ,灌浆期后很少吸收氮素 ;旱作水稻的产量以半腐解覆盖处理的最高 ,为 8415kg/hm2 ;旱作水稻耗水量只占水作耗水量的 7 14% ,旱作水稻的水分利用效率是水作的 12倍以上