Influence of iron plaque on chromium accumulation and translocation in three rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars grown in solution culture

Hydroponic experiments were conducted to investigate the role of iron plaque on root surface in chromium accumulation and translocation in three rice cultivars (90-68-2, CDR22 and Jin 23A). Rice seedlings were grown under 1.0 mg L^?1 trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) stress with and without phosphorus (P) treatments. P addition significantly increased the shoot and root biomass in all three rice cultivars. In the absence of P, the amounts of iron plaque (DCB-extractable Fe) on the root surface increased resulting in the increase of Cr accumulation in iron plaque. Compared to that with P treatment, Cr concentrations in iron plaque without P treatment were enhanced by 2–3 folds in the three rice cultivars. There was a significantly positive correlation between DCB-extractable Cr and DCB-extractable Fe on the root surface of the three rice cultivars. There were no significant effects on Cr concentration in roots and shoots between P treatments, but significant differences among cultivars were observed. Cultivar Jin 23A had the lowest Cr concentration both in roots and shoots regardless of P treatment. The results suggest that iron plaque could be a trap for immobilising Cr from environment but may not affect Cr uptake and translocation. Screening and breeding the cultivars with low Cr accumulation is considered as the most effective approach in Cr contaminated areas.     

食品中砷和硒生物可给性研究及健康风险/有益性评价

硒(Se)是人体必需的微量元素,一般通过大米和海鲜摄入。然而大米和海鲜是人体砷(As)暴露的主要途径之一。采用ICP-MS对广州市售的大米和3种鱼中砷和硒浓度进行了检测,并通过体外(in vitro)模拟胃肠消化(PBET)法对鱼肉中砷和硒的生物可给性进行了考察。结果表明,大米和鱼肉中砷的浓度分别为0.085～0.168μg·g~(-1)和2.224～5.533μg·g~(-1),硒的浓度分别为0.098～0.190μg·g~(-1)和1.641～2.315μg·g~(-1)。大米和鱼肉中86.86%～99.34%和51.95%～75.64%的砷生物可给,76.73%～85.44%和71.48%～79.83%的硒生物可给。通过大米和鱼肉摄入的硒基本可以满足人体需求。通过大米和3种鱼摄入的无机砷占国际粮农组织和世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)公布的无机砷的每日最高允许摄入量(TWI)2.1μg·kg~(-1)BW的0.5%～35.7%,但是摄入无机砷的致癌风险分别为1.69×10~(-5)～5.81×10~(-4)和2.13×10~(-4)～7.34×10~(-4),是可接受或可容忍的风险的0.17～7.3倍,尤其是小孩,更易摄入砷产生毒害。     

水分管理与施硅对水稻根表铁膜及砷镉吸收的影响

为探明水分管理与施硅对土壤砷（As）/镉（Cd）生物有效性、水稻根表铁膜与As/Cd吸收的影响,以贵州省开阳县某砷镉复合污染水稻土为供试土壤,进行了水稻盆栽种植.设5种水分管理模式：全生育期淹水（T1）;移栽到抽穗后三周（0~105 d）淹水,其余时期湿润灌溉（含水率50%~60%）（T2）;移栽到抽穗前三周（0~65 d）淹水,抽穗到抽穗后三周（84~105 d）淹水,其余时期湿润灌溉（T3）;抽穗到抽穗后三周（84~105 d）淹水,其余时期湿润灌溉（T4）和全生育期湿润灌溉（T5）.硅设不施硅和施硅这2个水平.结果表明,淹水/湿润灌溉较单一淹水或单一湿润灌溉更利于根表铁膜（DCB-Fe）的形成,DCB-As/Cd含量随DCB-Fe含量升高而升高;施硅使土壤pH升高,有效As/Cd含量降低,DCB-As含量增加,除淹水处理外的DCB-Fe/Cd含量降低.淹水时间越短,水稻各部位对Cd积累量越高,对As积累量越低.施硅使水稻各部位生物量升高,As/Cd含量降低.其中根、茎、叶和籽粒的Cd含量分别降低4.23%~31.06%、11.41%~52.90%、1.74%~35.73%和19.25%~39.76%,As含量分别降低1.47%~52.60%、6.12%~63.02%、2.97%~28.41%和16.33%~61.23%.5种水分管理中,施硅结合T3水分管理可以实现水稻生物量最高及水稻对砷镉吸收量最小.因此,根据As/Cd实际污染情况合理进行水分管理与施硅可以有效降低土壤As/Cd生物有效性进而减少水稻对As/Cd的累积,实现农田安全生产.     

影响不同农作物镉富集系数的土壤因素

农作物的Cd富集系数（BCF）受多种因素影响.为明确田间条件下不同农作物的Cd富集系数特征差异及土壤性质对其影响,分别在我国水稻、小麦和玉米主产区不同污染程度的地块上作物收获期采集土壤和作物籽粒点对点样品,研究水稻、小麦、夏玉米和春玉米的Cd富集系数特征及土壤性质对不同农作物的Cd富集系数的影响,并通过多元回归方程建立以上农作物Cd富集系数与土壤性质的定量关系.结果表明,在田间土壤中Cd含量范围为0.15~2.66 mg·kg^-1条件下,水稻、小麦、夏玉米和春玉米Cd富集系数的均值分别为0.915、0.155、0.113和0.102,水稻明显高于小麦和玉米,春玉米的Cd富集系数最低.土壤中的Cd含量与小麦、夏玉米和春玉米的BCF呈极显著负相关;土壤有机质（SOM）与小麦、夏玉米BCF之间的关系呈极显著负相关;土壤pH和阳离子交换量（CEC）对作物BCF也有影响.引入土壤Cd含量、pH、SOM、CEC等因素,建立水稻、小麦、夏玉米和春玉米的Cd富集系数预测方程.水稻、小麦、夏玉米和春玉米的BCF预测方程相关系数分别为0.423^*、0.796^**、0.826^**和0.551^**,均达到显著或极显著水平,可以较好地预测不同土壤条件下不同农作物的BCF值.     

Field tests to study the dynamics of weed inhibition of allelopathic rice and microbial physiological traits of rice rhizospheric soils北大核心CSCD

The weed inhibition of allelopathic rice PI312777 and nonallelopathic rice Lemont, allelopathic potential of rice rhizospheric soils, as well as the microbial physiological traits of rice rhizospheric soils, were studied by field tests after weedremoving and weed treatments. The results showed that the inhibitory rate of PI312777 at the 7-leaf stage on paddy weeds was 85.82%. Results of the Soil-Agar Sandwich method revealed that the allelopathic potential of PI312777 rhizospheric soils on the inhibitory rate of plant dry weight of barnyard grass was significantly higher at the 5-leaf stage than that at the 3-leaf stage, and increased by 20.16% from the 3-leaf stage to the 5-leaf stage after weed treatment. When at the same leaf stage, the soil microbe biomass carbon and soil respiration, the number of soil bacteria, and activity of soil enzymes (urease, protease, and sucrase) were significantly higher in PI312777 rhizospheric soils than in Lemont rhizospheric soils; they were also higher after the weed-removing treatment than after weed treatment. The largest increase of soil allelopathic potentials and soil microbial physiological indexes in PI312777 rhizospheric soils appeared from the 3-leaf stage to the 5-leaf stage. In case of weed treatment, the allelopathic potential of PI312777 rhizospheric soils on the soil microbe biomass carbon, soil respiration, the number of soil bacteria, activity of urease, activity of protease, and activity of sucrase increased by 53.11%, 51.56%, 38.97%, 44.83%, 60.00%, and 41.92%, respectively, from the 3-leaf stage to the 5-leaf stage. These results indicated that rice allelopathy had a close relationship with the activity of rhizospheric soils. Rice allelochemicals lead to the change of soil microbes; rice allelopathy is a process based on plant-soil interaction. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

不同结构改良剂对铜镉污染土壤水稻生长和重金属吸收的影响

本研究以铜（Cu）、镉（Cd）污染水稻土为对象,通过水稻盆栽试验研究聚丙烯酸（PAA）、聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）、聚乙烯醇（PVA）和腐殖酸（HA）这4种结构改良剂对水稻生长和重金属吸收的影响.结果表明,与对照处理相比,施用结构改良剂处理水稻株高和秸秆重分别增加了7.34%~22.0%和10.0%~32.2%,结构改良剂用量越高,增幅越大.施用0.4%的结构改良剂对水稻有一定的减产效应,籽粒重比对照处理降低了6.70%~32.6%.施用结构改良剂对土壤pH值无影响,但显著降低了土壤有效态Cu （5.38%~39.7%）和Cd含量（6.98%~59.6%）,水稻根、秸秆和稻米中Cu含量分别降低了0.88%~27.2%、8.50%~45.2%和3.41%~31.2%,Cd含量分别降低了5.93%~20.5%、10.0%~51.4%和3.12%~50.7%,PAA处理的降幅最大、PVA处理的降幅最小.结构改良剂降低了Cu和Cd从根系向秸秆的转运系数,但增加了Cu和Cd从秸秆向稻米的转运系数.总体来看,施用结构改良剂促进了水稻生长,抑制了水稻对Cu和Cd的吸收,对重金属污染土壤具有一定的修复效果.     

镨对镉胁迫下水稻幼苗根系生长和根系形态的影响

为了解稀土镨对镉胁迫下水稻(Oryza sativa L.)根系毒害的缓解效应,以水稻幼苗为实验材料,采用溶液培养方法,研究了50μmol·L-1镉胁迫下不同浓度镨对水稻幼苗根系鲜质量、形态和根系活力的影响。结果表明,50μmol·L-1镉胁迫下,水稻根系生长受到明显的抑制,根系鲜质量、根长、根表面积、根体积和根系活力明显降低,且随镉处理时间的延长,抑制程度加重。但镉对根系平均直径无明显影响。23～184μmol·L-1的镨对水稻镉毒害有一定的缓解效果,可不同程度的减轻镉对幼苗的伤害,促进了镉胁迫下根系鲜质量、根系长度、根系表面积和根系体积的增加,提高了根系活力,且随着处理时间的延长,缓解效应愈加明显,与单镉毒害相比,镨处理5天后根系鲜质量、根长、根表面积、根体积和根系活力分别提高了0.92%～14.8%、1.61%～16.3%、2.57%～20.3%、1.52%～17.2%和3.71%～32.8%,处理10d后根系鲜质量、根长、根表面积、根体积和根系活力分别提高了2.55%～31.2%、1.44%～21.4%、1.78%～27.2%、2.16%～23.4%和8.14%～52.9%;此外,23～184μmol·L-1的镨处理对直径≤1.0mm的根长和根表面积、直径0.5mmD≤1.0mm的根体积影响较大,其分别提高了0.9%～24.3%、1.9%～32.6%、0.4%～33.2%,其中以92μmol·L-1镨缓解效果最好。但随着镨浓度的进一步加大,当镨浓度达到230μmol·L-1时,反而会使水稻根系受到更严重的毒害。     

水稻土中外源Cd老化的动力学特征与老化因子

选择5种不同性质的水稻土,通过外源添加制备了6个不同浓度梯度的Cd污染土壤,研究了外源Cd在几种水稻土中的老化动力学特征与影响因子;同时利用盆栽实验,结合Log-logistic分布模型,研究了5个不同老化时间(14、30、60、90和180d)与土壤中Cd对二种不同Cd敏感性水稻生长毒性的影响.结果表明,不同浓度外源Cd进入土壤后,0.05mol/L EDTA-2Na浸提的有效态Cd含量随着老化时间的增加而逐渐下降;与14d处理相比,老化30d后土壤中有效态Cd降幅达21.5%(红壤)~38.0%(黑土);老化90d后,土壤中Cd进入慢反应阶段. 基于二级动力学方程的拟合参数显示,土壤中Cd的老化特征表现为有效态Cd含量在30~60d内快速降低,随后变化减缓,经过90d的老化后,土壤中有效态Cd含量逐渐趋于平衡.基于老化动力学方程参数(C∞及K2)与土壤性质间的相关性分析表明,土壤pH值是影响Cd有效态含量变化的主控因子,其次是土壤CEC和OC含量.在不同性质土壤中,随着老化时间的增加,土壤中外源Cd对水稻生长毒性的半抑制浓度(EC50)值显著升高;与14d老化处理相比,经过180d老化后土壤中Cd对水稻生长毒性的EC50增加72.1%~195.0%;在大于90d的长期老化过程中,土壤pH值对Cd老化过程的影响逐渐降低,而CEC的影响逐渐上升,尽管如此,土壤中Cd老化过程的主要影响因子仍然是土壤pH,而与测试的2种水稻品种无关.     

稻季土壤溶液中微量元素浓度对大气CO2浓度升高的响应

利用中国稻/麦轮作FACE（Free Air Carbon-dioxide Enrichment）试验平台,研究大气CO2浓度升高（比周围大气高200μmol·mol-1）对2007年稻季各生育期不同深度土壤溶液微量元素质量浓度影响。结果表明,大气CO2浓度升高对不同深度土壤溶液微量元素质量浓度的影响在不同生育期有所差异;尽管大多未达显著水平,大气CO2浓度升高表现出增加不同层次土壤溶液微量元素质量浓度的趋势,对土壤溶液Fe质量浓度增加程度尤为明显;从整个生育期看,FACE对土壤溶液Fe质量浓度增加幅度在5、15、30、60和90cm处分别为47.6%,36.3%,7.6%,37.0%和201.8%。大气CO2浓度升高对稻田土壤溶液微量元素质量浓度的长期影响需要进一步深入研究。     

我国近地层臭氧污染对水稻和冬小麦产量的影响概述

地表监测数据表明,我国近地层O3污染日趋严重,已对水稻和冬小麦的生长造成严重威胁。为评估O3污染对我国农业生产的风险,综合已有剂量反应实验结果,对我国南北五个地区(北京、定兴、江都、嘉兴、东莞)水稻和冬小麦的O3敏感性进行了比较分析。研究发现:(1)随着实验地区和实验品种的变化,两种作物的O3敏感性存在明显差异,其中,水稻对O3的敏感程度由北到南逐渐增加;(2)两种作物的产量均随O3剂量的增加而降低,且冬小麦的减产程度高于水稻;(3)基于FACE实验得到的作物O3敏感性高于基于OTC实验的研究结果。利用上述研究得到的O3剂量反应方程和O3浓度预测数据,对未来我国水稻和冬小麦的产量损失进行了评估。预计到2020年,我国五个主要作物产地水稻和冬小麦的产量损失范围分别为3.2~28.8%和7.8~36.9%。上述结果表明,O3污染已对我国主要粮食作物的生长造成巨大威胁,且作物品种间存在明显的O3抗性差异,有必要采取有效措施缓解O3浓度的上升,同时,需要利用更科学的实验方法进行O3抗性品种的选育,这对降低O3的农业风险具有重要意义。