Response of the grain yield and quality of hybrid rice to weak light stress北大核心CSCD

In this study, three rice varieties, Byou268 (low light-sensitive type), Nei5you768 (intermediate type), and Yixiangyou1108 (low light-tolerant), were used as experimental materials to investigate the yield and quality responses of different rice varieties to low light stress under normal light (CK) and low light (SH). The results showed the following: (1) Compared with normal light, the decrease in Yixiangyou1108’s 1 000-grain weight, grain number per spike, and seed setting rate under low light treatment were much lower than those of Nei5you768 and Byou268. The yield decline of Yixiangyou1108 (46.5%) was significantly lower than that of Nei5you768 (56.5%) and Byou268 (69.8%). Yixiangyou1108 showed strong tolerance to low light stress in terms of 1 000-grain weight, seed setting rate, grain number per panicle, and yield. (2) Compared with normal light, the reduction in grain length and width of Yixiangyou1108 under low-light treatment was significantly greater than that of Byou268; however, the reduction in the length-width ratio did not reach a significant level. The amylose content and gel consistency of the rice were significantly reduced. The reduction in amylose content of Yixiangyou1108 (24.5%) was significantly lower than that of Nei5you768 (28.1%) and Byou268 (30.6%); however, the decrease in gel consistency of Yixiangyou1108 (14.7%) was significantly higher than that of Nei5you768 (9.8%) and Byou268 (8.1%). After low light treatment, the characteristic values of the RVA curve of rice changed. The peak viscosity and breakdown viscosity of Yixiangyou1108, Nei5you768, and Byou268 were significantly decreased, but the cold glue viscosity and setback viscosity were significantly increased, while there was no significant difference in the peak time and peak temperature. The response of 1 000-grain weight, grain number per spike, and seed setting rate under low light stress can be used as a yield index of rice breeding with low light tolerance; rice grain type, amylose, and gel consistency; and peak viscosity and hot paset viscosity in RVA characteristic values can be used as quality indexes of low-light-tolerant rice material breeding. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

大穗型杂交水稻父本材料的抗旱性筛选与鉴定

培育大穗型品种是我国超级杂交稻主要育种目标之一,但大穗型水稻品种常存在结实率过低或结实不稳定等严重问题,而旱害常成为上述问题产生的直接原因。以21份大穗型水稻父本品种为供试材料,采用盆栽法,从花粉母细胞减数分裂期开始进行连续10 d的干旱处理（控制土壤相对含水量至40%~50%）,研究了结实率和每穗总粒数的变化。结果表明,干旱处理后品种的结实率和每穗总粒数降低,敏感品种降低幅度显著大于强耐旱品种。试验共筛选出8个大穗型强耐旱父本材料,10个耐旱型父本材料,3个敏感型父本材料。其中R527和9 311选的结实率和总粒数在干旱条件下都表现良好。2个耐旱性差异品种的授粉生物特性分析发现,干旱处理后各品种的花药长度、每柱头花粉总数和萌发数及萌发率均降低,强耐旱型品种R527降低幅度较小;而敏感型品种BL006降低幅度较大,花药长度、每柱头花粉萌发数及萌发率对照和处理间存在极显著差异。研究表明,结实率和每穗总粒数可以作为大穗型品种耐旱性筛选与鉴定的联合指标,花药长度和每柱头花粉萌发率可作为重要的参考指标,大穗型水稻品种耐旱性差异与其在干旱条件下雄性配子的形成及其活力密切相关     

上海市稻米中有机氯农药残留水平及健康风险评价

中国作为农药的生产和使用大国,曾大量使用滴滴涕(DDTs)、六六六(HCHs)等有机氯农药.水稻是上海市的主要粮食作物,青浦和崇明区是其重要的水稻种植基地.本研究检测了上海市青浦和崇明区稻米样品中24种有机氯农药的残留水平,分析了OCPs的组成特征并对上海地区稻米中的OCPs残留进行了健康风险评价.结果表明,研究区稻米中OCPs以DDTs和HCHs为主要残留物.青浦和崇明稻米中24种OCPs的总平均残留量分别为6.53 ng·g-1和4.70 ng·g-1,低于食品安全国家标准中对应OCPs的再残留限值.青浦区稻米中4,4-DDE和β-HCH的残留水平最高,崇明区稻米则以2,4-DDT和β-HCH为主要成分.来源解析显示,上海市区域内近期可能仍有三氯杀螨醇和林丹的使用.健康风险评价结果表明,食用本研究区稻米因OCPs所产生的致癌与非致癌风险较低,处于可接受水平.     

硫素对水稻根系铁锰胶膜形成及吸收镉的影响

添加外源镉污染水稻土进行池栽试验,施入不同形态及数量的硫肥(单质硫、石膏),研究硫素对水稻根系铁锰胶膜的形成及对水稻吸收镉的影响.结果表明,整个水稻生育期内,土壤溶液Eh范围在-200~100 m V之间;p H在6.9~7.9之间;pe+p H在4~10之间.水稻根表胶膜以Fe膜为主,其质量分数达到5 000~13 000 mg·kg-1,Mn膜的质量分数相对较小,为170~580 mg·kg-1.在孕穗期高硫量处理与低硫量处理的铁胶膜质量分数分别为9 400 mg·kg-1和8 600 mg·kg-1,高硫量处理比低硫量处理可生成更多的铁胶膜;而根表锰胶膜的数量差异主要表现在分蘖期,单质硫和石膏硫处理的锰胶膜质量分数分别为600 mg·kg-1和400 mg·kg-1,达到显著差异水平,单质硫比石膏硫更易促进水稻根表锰胶膜的形成.胶膜对于Fe2+过量吸收有一定阻控作用,对Mn2+作用不显著.水稻根表胶膜吸附Cd的质量分数在分蘖期为78.8~131.1 mg·kg-1,孕穗期16.6~21.1mg·kg-1,成熟期3.0~9.2 mg·kg-1.在分蘖期与孕穗期,高硫量处理比低硫量处理的吸附量高,在成熟期反之.采用ACA方法浸提铁锰胶膜内的Cd测定值并不能真实地表明胶膜实际固定Cd的质量分数.水稻体内各部位Cd的质量分数表现为根茎叶籽粒.一定量的施硫能有效减少水稻各器官中Cd的质量分数.对于根和茎叶,单质硫在成熟期以前效果好于石膏硫;对于籽粒,石膏硫效果更佳.一定量的硫肥,能有效阻碍Cd从水稻根部向茎叶与籽粒的转移.对于茎叶,在孕穗期单质硫和石膏硫的Cd转移系数分别为0.13和0.25,差异显著,单质硫能更好地阻碍Cd的转移;对于籽粒,石膏硫的阻碍效果更好.     

水稻对气态单质汞的吸收与挥发

湿地是汞的重要富集场所,其还原性底质会促进气态单质汞的产生.湿地植物已进化出一系列适应淹水环境的生态特征,其中发达的通气组织可以从大气向根部输送氧气满足根系的呼吸作用.以水稻这一典型的湿地植物为例,研究其根系及通气组织是否也能成为根际气态汞向大气运输的通道,并探究其过程和影响因素.通过设计密闭分室培养装置将水稻根部与地上部分隔开,对水稻根部进行汞蒸气暴露,并通过气体吸收剂吸收由叶片挥发出的气态汞.结果表明,水稻可以从根系吸收气态单质汞并向地上组织迁移,其中根系的汞含量与水稻根孔隙度呈显著负相关,并呈二次拟合(R=0.8309,P0.01);而水稻地上部汞迁移量与水稻根表面积和根体积均呈线性正相关(R=0.896,P0.01;R=0.871,P0.01).由根系吸收的汞最终可通过水稻叶片挥发进入大气,叶片汞的挥发量随着叶片面积的增加呈线性增加(R=0.897,P0.01),单位叶面积汞挥发量与水稻蒸腾作用强度呈线性显著正相关(R=0.73,P0.01).证明了水稻根系不仅能吸收气态单质汞,并且能将汞从根部转运到地上部,再通过叶片的气孔释放到空气中.为进一步揭示湿地生态系统中汞的迁移及调控机制提供了科学依据.     

金属半导体纳米粒子对水培水稻幼苗的毒性及吸收转运规律

金属半导体纳米粒子由于其独特的理化性质被广泛应用于工业生产和科学研究,而遗留在水环境中的金属半导体纳米粒子对植物的危害程度和累积水平还有待研究和完善.本文以水稻为实验对象,通过水培试验研究了氧化铜纳米粒子(CuONPs)、氧化锌纳米粒子(ZnONPs)和硫化锌纳米粒子(ZnSNPs)在不同浓度(10、50和100 mg·L~(-1))下的植物毒性及其在水稻体内的吸收转运行为.纳米粒子悬浮液的粒径分布和Zeta电位分析结果表明,CuONPs在水中的分散性和稳定性高于ZnONPs和ZnSNPs.ZnONPs悬浮液中溶解的金属离子量高于CuONPs和ZnSNPs悬浮液.毒性实验结果表明,较高浓度(50和100 mg·L~(-1))的ZnONPs和CuONPs不同程度地阻碍了水稻幼苗的生长,增加了根系中丙二醛(MDA)的含量,降低了根系活力和叶片中的叶绿素含量.50和100 mg·L~(-1)的ZnONPs导致根系鲜重分别降低至对照组的47.3%和44.3%,100 mg·L~(-1)ZnONPs和CuONPs使根系活力由对照组的710.4μg·g-1·h~(-1)分别降低至150.0和481.9μg·g-1·h~(-1).ZnSNPs在实验设置浓度下体现了促进水稻生长的作用.10 mg·L~(-1)的ZnSNPs使地上部分鲜重增加到对照组的109.8%,100 mg·L~(-1)时使根系活力提高到了对照组的2倍.Zn的选择性吸收和生物转运系数均高于Cu,本研究结果证明了金属半导体纳米粒子的植物毒性和累积水平与纳米粒子在水中的理化性质及植物对不同毒物的反应程度有关.     

不同pH值灌溉水对土壤Cd生物有效性及稻米Cd含量的影响

通过盆栽种植实验研究了pH值为3.5~6.5的灌溉水对稻田土壤pH值、土壤Cd生物有效性以及2种水稻品种各部位Cd含量的影响.结果表明:1不同pH值灌溉水对土壤pH值影响显著.灌溉水pH为3.5~6.5的处理下,湘晚籼土壤pH值下降了0.6~0.3个单位,威优46号土壤pH值下降了0.7~0.4个单位.2随着灌溉水pH值的升高,土壤交换态和TCLP提取态Cd含量(生物有效性)均有降低的趋势,但TCLP提取态Cd含量不显著.3随着灌溉水pH值从3.5上升到6.5,湘晚籼12号水稻植株各部位Cd含量均逐渐下降,而威优46号水稻植株各部位的Cd含量逐渐上升.与pH=3.5处理相比,浇灌pH值为4.5~6.5的灌溉水,湘晚籼12号根系、茎叶、谷壳和糙米中Cd含量分别下降32.3%~48.0%、16.5%~48.0%、40.0%~56.2%和45.6%~73.9%;相反,威优46号根系、茎叶、谷壳和糙米中Cd含量分别上升30.5%~446.3%、5.3%~201.1%、70.3%~316.7%和71.0%~177.2%.显然,升高灌溉水的pH值有利于降低湘晚籼12号(常规稻)糙米中的Cd含量,但不利于降低威优46号(杂交稻)糙米中的Cd含量.     

碳化稻壳-铁锰氧化菌耦合净化严寒村镇高铁锰地下水效能与机制

针对严寒地区特有地理气候条件及制约当前村镇建设与发展的典型问题,以建设绿色低碳、节能环保村镇为目标,研发碳化稻壳-优势铁锰氧化菌耦合工艺净化严寒村镇高铁锰地下水,探究生物滤柱低温快速启动方式;基于接触氧化与生物法,对比分析不同滤速条件下滤柱沿程除铁效能与反应速率,研究生物滤层除铁机制;基于扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)、傅立叶红外线光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,XPS)、拉曼光谱(Raman spectra)、电子顺磁共振(electron paramagnetic resonance,EPR)对运行不同阶段的滤料与反冲洗水泥样表征剖析生物滤层除锰机制.结果表明,优势菌液低滤速-全循环的运行方式使稻壳生物滤层成熟且稳定仅需15 d;稳定运行阶段出水铁、锰、细菌浓度分别低于0.3 mg·L~(-1)、0.1 mg·L~(-1)、100 CFU·m L~(-1),均满足国家生活饮用水卫生标准(GB 5749-2006);除铁机制主要依靠物化作用、辅以生物作用;在滤料成熟阶段与稳定运行初期除锰主要依靠生物作用,稳定运行后期物理化学作用占优势;该研究为严寒村镇Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)地下水集中处理应用提供了技术支撑.     

Assessing energy efficiencies and greenhouse gas emissions under bioethanol-oriented paddy rice production in northern Japan

To establish energetically and environmentally viable paddy rice-based bioethanol production systems in northern Japan, it is important to implement appropriately selected agronomic practice options during the rice cultivation step. In this context, effects of rice variety (conventional vs. high-yielding) and rice straw management (return to vs. removal from the paddy field) on energy inputs from fuels and consumption of materials, greenhouse gas emissions (fuel and material consumption-derived CO(2) emissions as well as paddy soil CH(4) and N(2)O emissions) and ethanol yields were assessed. The estimated ethanol yield from the high-yielding rice variety, "Kita-aoba" was 2.94 kL ha(-1), a 32% increase from the conventional rice variety, "Kirara 397". Under conventional rice production in northern Japan (conventional rice variety and straw returned to the paddy), raising seedlings, mechanical field operations, transportation of harvested unhulled brown rice and consumption of materials (seeds, fertilizers, biocides and agricultural machinery) amounted to 28.5 GJ ha(-1) in energy inputs. The total energy input was increased by 14% by using the high-yielding variety and straw removal, owing to increased requirements for fuels in harvesting and transporting harvested rice as well as in collecting, loading and transporting rice straw. In terms of energy efficiency, the variation among rice variety and straw management scenarios regarding rice varieties and rice straw management was small (28.5-32.6 GJ ha(-1) or 10.1-14.0 MJ L(-1)). Meanwhile, CO(2)-equivalent greenhouse gas emissions varied considerably from scenario to scenario, as straw management had significant impacts on CH(4) emissions from paddy soils. When rice straw was incorporated into the soil, total CO(2)-equivalent greenhouse gas emissions for "Kirara 397" and "Kita-aoba" were 25.5 and 28.2 Mg CO(2) ha(-1), respectively; however, these emissions were reduced notably for the two varieties when rice straw was removed from the paddy fields in an effort to mitigate CH(4) emissions. Thus, rice straw removal avers itself a key practice with respect to lessening the impacts of greenhouse gas emissions in paddy rice-based ethanol production systems in northern Japan. More crucially, the rice straw removed is available for ethanol production and generation of heat energy with a biomass boiler, all elements required for biomass-to-ethanol transformation steps including saccharification, fermentation and distillation. This indicates opportunities for further improvement in energy efficiency and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions under whole rice plant-based bioethanol production systems.     

农业生态补偿标准核算——以洱海流域环境友好型肥料应用为例

综述了国内外生态补偿标准的研究进展,以及生态补偿标准核算的4个主要方面。同时以洱海流域环境友好型肥料应用的田间试验为案例,比较了缓释BB肥料、有机无机肥料配合施用、习惯施肥等模式对稻田径流水氮磷削减效果,并通过作物产量、肥料成本、纯收入等因素的分析,核算出洱海流域稻田缓释BB肥料应用的最低农业生态补偿标准。