浙江天台山茶树光合日变化及光响应

自然条件下使用LCA－4型便携式光合测定系统研究了栽培天天台山主峰华顶山的茶树连体叶片的光合日变化及光响应。结果表明：在初夏晴天,上年越冬叶片（下称二年生叶）的光合速率,表观量子效率,羧化效率和饱和光强比展叶红16d的一年生叶高,CO2补偿点和光补偿点比一年生叶低,两者的净光合速率日进程曲线均为“双峰”型,午间胞间CO2浓度上升表明,此时净光合速率下降主要受非气孔限制因素的影响。一年生叶蒸腾速率高于二年生叶,它们日进程曲线为单峰河,午间最高,而气孔阻力进间最低。不同时段作光响应和CO2响应试验表明,上午茶树的表观量子效率,饱和光强和羧化效率较高,光补偿点和CO2补偿点较低。图3表4参26     

The Impact of the Hyperacid Ijen Crater Lake. Part I: Concentrations of Elements in Crops and Soil

In Asembagus (East Java, Indonesia) irrigation water is contaminated with effluent from the hyperacid Ijen Crater Lake resulting in a low pH and high levels of various elements. As a first step towards a risk assessment, locally produced food items (rice, maize, cassava leaf, cassava root, peanuts) were collected and concentrations of As, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, Zn were compared to samples from a reference area and with literature values. Further, concentrations in rice were compared to total soil concentrations in paddy fields. Compared to the reference area, food items produced in the contaminated area had increased levels of Cd, Co, Ni and Mn in particular, while levels of Mo were lower. In contrast, total soil concentrations of Cd and Mn in particular have decreased whereas especially Mo was increased. In combination with the observed soil acidification, it is likely that the bioavailable concentration of most elements in the contaminated soil is higher (except for Mo) due to an increased weathering rate and/or input via the contaminated irrigation water. In terms of human health, concentrations in foods were generally within normal literature values. However, it was observed that essential elements (in particular Fe) known for their inhibitory effects on e.g. Cd and Mn toxicity did not accumulate in crops whereas Cd and Mn did.     

源于大气的氟在水稻不同器官的分布及对糙米含氟量的影响

用开顶式熏气罩熏气的方法,研究了气源氟在水稻不同器官的分布及对糙米含氟量的影响。结果表明:气源氟主要分布于水稻叶片中,根含氟量不受气源氟的影响;籽粒含氟量取决于籽粒器官形成后空气氟浓度,与籽粒器官形成前的空气氟浓度无关;糙米氟含量与水稻抽穗齐穗后所暴露的氟剂量间呈极显著线性相关关系。     

从水稻种子表面分离的紫云英根瘤菌与不同水稻品种亲合性的研究

采用紫云英琼脂管结瘤试验，在10个供试的不同水稻品种中，仅从“汕优63”和“珍A一代”2个品种的种子表面各分离筛选到在紫云英上结瘤较早且较多的1个菌株，分别命名为SY63－4和SA1D－3。采用无菌盆栽试验分别将这2个菌株接种于4个不同水稻品种“汕优63”、“珍A一代”、“马协63”及“博湛优19”，发现菌株ZA1D－3对4种水稻均表现出显著的促生作用，SY63－4仅对“汕优63”和“珍A一代”表现出明显的促生作用。利用MPN法检测不同水稻品种根内外根瘤菌ZA1D－3和SY63－4的数量，发现ZA1D－3和SY63－4在4种水稻根部的定殖数量也不相同。SY63－4在“汕优63”根部定殖的数量log(ncfumFW^-1/g^-1)为5．20，比在其余3种水稻根部高出2个数量级；ZA1D－3在“珍A一代”根部定殖的最大数量log(ncfumFW^-1/g^-1)为4．54，比在其余3种水稻根部高出1个数量级。这说明SY63－4与“汕优63”，ZA1D－3与“珍A一代”间存在着一定的亲和性。图1表2参12     

低磷胁迫下不同水稻品种根系吸收能力差异的生理与遗传本质

在低磷（1mg L-1)和适磷水平（10mg L^-1)下，分别以混合培养方式研究了粳稻京系17（Oryza sativa ssp.japonica)(JX17)和粘稻窄叶青8号（Oryza sativa ssp.indica)(ZYQ8)对磷营养的反应。结果表明，低磷胁迫下，JX17较ZYQ8吸收更多磷素，干物重也显著增加。相反，ZYQ8则受到更强的磷胁迫，吸磷量和干物重降低，主要是因为JX17具有较高的吸磷速度，单位根长吸磷量大，即根系高亲和力磷酸盐转运蛋白表达强，最大限度地吸收可能利用的磷素，从而改善植株营养状况，同时又有较多的磷被分配到根系，使根第，根表面积和根干重相应提高，进一步增加了其在低磷胁迫条件下的竞争磷营养的优势。图3表2参17     

高产玉米因土高效施肥技术研究

通过田间试验,研究广东省粤东河源灯塔盆地的粉砂坭地和粤北阳山县石灰岩山区的黄泥地氮、磷、钾养分的供应特性;高产玉米不同生育期吸收氮、磷、钾的规律,以及在不同土壤上氮、磷、钾肥的不同配比对玉米产量和经济效益的影响。根据试验结果进行统计,提出了高产玉米因土高效施肥技术方法。     

农村经济活动对云南野生稻居群的影响

云南野生稻包括普通野生稻(O.rufipogon Griff)、疣粒野生稻(O.meyeriana Baill)和药用野生稻(O.officinalis Wall),是属于全国仅存的几处宝贵基因资源库之一。野生稻具有许多优良特性及其相应的基因,在栽培稻育种和生物技术利用等方面具有巨大的潜力。文章在对云南野生稻居群长期调查或考察的基础上,分析了云南野生稻居群濒危的现状,认为热区经济开发、游牧、木材消耗、采集草药、外来种入侵和环境污染等农村经济活动是致濒的主要因素。阐明了选择合理的保护方法、加大普法和执法力度、完善保护体制与运行机制、调整种植结构是当前云南野生稻居群保护管理与经济协调发展的四项重点措施。     

15N示踪法研究固氮芽孢杆菌应用效果

通过对水稻盆栽试验,应用15N示踪测试技术和土壤农业化学分析方法,研究接种不同剂量固氮芽孢菌对当季水稻的供氮能力,结果表明:在施有机肥的基础上,接种固氮芽孢杆菌能为当季水稻提供氮素,而且,接菌剂量在0.60亿个?pot-1以内,其供氮能力随着接菌剂量的增加而提高;接种剂量从0.15亿个?pot-1增加到0.60亿个?pot-1,其对当季初的氮素供应从88.7mg?pot-1提高至109.7mg?pot-1,并减少水稻对肥料氮和土壤氮的吸收,增加茬后土壤的速效氮积累,接种量以0.15亿个?pot-1～0.30亿个?pot-1较经济。但在一定的施肥基础上,接种固氮菌对水稻的产生量和吸收氮素总量影响不明显。     

A Bayesian strategy for combining predictions from empirical and process-based models

We present a strategy for using an empirical forest growth model to reduce uncertainty in predictions made with a physiological process-based forest ecosystem model. The uncertainty reduction is carried out via Bayesian melding, in which information from prior knowledge and a deterministic computer model is conditioned on a likelihood function. We used predictions from an empirical forest growth model G-HAT in place of field observations of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) in a deciduous temperate forest ecosystem. Using Bayesian melding, priors for the inputs of the process-based forest ecosystem PnET-II were propagated through the model, and likelihoods for the PnET-II output ANPP were calculated using the G-HAT predictions. Posterior distributions for ANPP and many PnET-II inputs obtained using the G-HAT predictions largely matched posteriors obtained using field data. Since empirical growth models are often more readily available than extensive field data sets, the method represents a potential gain in efficiency for reducing the uncertainty of process-based model predictions when reliable empirical models are available but high-quality data are not.     

转sck单价基因和cry1Ac/sck双价基因水稻对二化螟的致死效应及中肠组织病理变化观察

室内采用离体叶片法研究了转sck单价基因抗虫水稻86AS1和转cry1Ac/sck双价基因抗虫水稻MSB不同生育期主茎顶叶对二化螟幼虫的杀虫效果.结果发现,不同生育期的MSB对二化螟初孵幼虫表现出了很强的毒杀效果,二化螟幼虫校正死亡率在扬花期前均达到90%以上;扬花期和灌浆期抗虫性有所下降,校正死亡率高于80%;成熟期校正死亡率在60%以上.在整个生育期,二化螟幼虫取食86AS1主茎顶叶的校正死亡率均未超过50%.MSB对二化螟幼虫的毒杀效果明显高于86AS1.采用透射电镜观察二化螟幼虫取食转cry1Ac/sck双价基因抗虫水稻和转sck单价基因抗虫水稻主茎顶叶后中肠组织的病理变化.结果发现,两种转基因水稻都能够引起二化螟幼虫中肠组织发生病理变化,但病变程度有明显差异.二化螟幼虫取食转cry1Ac/sck双价基因抗虫水稻3d,中肠组织受到严重破坏且病理变化明显;取食转sck单价基因抗虫水稻3d,幼虫中肠组织的病理变化却较缓慢.图2参10