地膜覆盖对菜地垄沟CH4和N2O排放的影响

为了探讨地膜覆盖对菜地垄沟温室气体CH₄和N₂O排放的影响,以位于西南大学农业部重庆紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站内辣椒-萝卜轮作菜地为研究对象,采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法,进行为期1 a的田间原位观测.本试验设置常规和覆膜两种处理方式,研究地膜覆盖对菜地垄沟中CH₄和N₂O排放的影响.结果表明,地膜覆盖能极显著提高土壤全年pH（P<0.01）,显著提高全年的地表温度和地下5 cm温度（P<0.05）,显著提高萝卜季土壤含水率（P<0.05）.不论是辣椒季还是萝卜季,覆膜显著降低了垄的CH₄排放（P<0.05）,辣椒季垄的CH₄平均排放通量常规和覆膜处理分别为0.110 mg·（m²·h）^-1和0.028 mg·（m²·h）^-1,萝卜季分别为0.011 mg·（m²·h）^-1和-0.019 mg·（m²·h）^-1,但覆膜对沟的CH₄排放没有显著影响（P>0.05）,辣椒季常规和覆膜处理分别为0.058 mg·（m²·h）^-1和0.057 mg·（m²·h）^-1,萝卜季分别为0.083 mg·（m²·h）^-1和0.092 mg·（m²·h）^-1,对比垄和沟,除了辣椒季常规处理下垄CH₄排放量显著高于沟,其它均为沟显著高于垄,这与西南地区较高的降雨量下沟内较稳定的缺氧环境有关.覆膜处理对N₂O没有显著影响,辣椒季垄N₂O的平均排放通量常规和覆膜处理下分别为65.41 μg·（m²·h）^-1和68.39 μg·（m²·h）^-1,萝卜季分别为78.43 μg·（m²·h）^-1和66.19 μg·（m²·h）^-1,辣椒季沟N₂O的平均排放通量分别为19.82 μg·（m²·h）^-1和22.85 μg·（m²·h）^-1,萝卜季分别为35.80 μg·（m²·h）^-1和40.00 μg·（m²·h）^-1,均无显著差异（P>0.05）,对比垄和沟,垄N₂O的排放量显著高于沟,N₂O主要由垄向大气排放.CH₄排放通量与地表及地下5 cm温度呈显著正相关,N₂O的排放通量仅与碱解氮和铵态氮含量呈显著正相关.     

青藏高压系统对川渝春夏臭氧污染的影响机制

为研究青藏高压系统对川渝地区春夏季臭氧（O₃）污染的影响机制,对2015~2018年每年4~9月的中国气象局高空全要素填图数据（Micaps PLOT High）、川渝14个城市的国控环境监测站点O₃监测数据及气象台站数据进行了研究分析.结果表明：O₃浓度的高低与青藏高压中心位置分布的状况和数量密切相关,中心分布越密集、出现的极值区域越多和中心个数越多时,同期地表温度越高,O₃浓度越高（尤其是中心位置出现在100°E和28°N的频数越多,地表温度越高,导致较多O₃极值的出现）.对比分析同年逐月与逐年同月高压脊线南北偏移情况对O₃浓度的影响,发现高压脊线越往北跳,对应日照时数越长,O₃浓度越高.综合分析高压中心和高压脊线对川渝地区O₃影响的共同作用,发现高压中心和高压脊线分别主要通过控制地表温度和日照时数来影响O₃浓度,且同一时段,二者对O₃浓度影响的效果和程度也存在差异,有时对O₃浓度的增加表现为协同作用,有时为拮抗作用.     

Herbicide movement and dissipation at four midwestern sites

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropyl‐1, 3, 5‐triazine) and alachlor (2‐chIoro‐N‐(methoxymethyl)acetamide) dissipation and movement to shallow aquifers across the Northern Sand Plains region of the United States. Sites were located at Minnesota on a Zimmerman fine sand, North Dakota on Hecla sandy loam, South Dakota on a Brandt silty clay loam, and Wisconsin on a Sparta sand. Herbicide concentrations were determined in soil samples taken to 90 cm four times during the growing season and water samples taken from the top one m of aquifer at least once every three months. Herbicides were detected to a depth of 30 cm in Sparta sand and 90 cm in all other soils. Some aquifer samples from each site contained atrazine with the highest concentration in the aquifer beneath the Sparta sand (1.28 μg L^‐1). Alachlor was detected only once in the aquifer at the SD site. The time to 50% atrazine dissipation (DT₅₀) in the top 15 cm of soil averaged about 21 d in Sparta and Zimmerman sands and more than 45 d for Brandt and Hecla soils. Atrazine DT₅₀ was correlated positively with % clay and organic carbon (OC), and negatively with % fine sand. Alachlor DT₅₀ ranged from 12 to 32 d for Zimmerman and Brandt soils, respectively, and was correlated negatively with % clay and OC and positively with % sand.     

重庆市中低产田深度开发模式研究

对重庆市中低产田土深度开发模式进行了研究,结果表明,重庆市中低产田综合开发利用有5大结构类型,22种模式。水稻产量以稻-稻 鱼模式最高,平均产量10275 kg/hm2,比冬水田-稻模式增产23.87%; 其次是稻-稻 鱼 笋和稻-稻-菜模式。经济收入以草莓 葡萄 菜模式最佳,产值99405元/hm2,盈利72300元/hm2,分别是冬水田-稻模式的8.3倍和9.6倍。稻田实行深度开发利用的光能利用率比常规种植模式提高了17.3%～94.5%。由此表明, 中低产田深度开发具有良好的经济效益和生态效益。     

The formation of protective dune ridge along the Southeast Baltic Sea coast: historical and social aspects

This paper is based on literature-based studies, as well as material collected by the author over more than 30 years on the shores of the Southeast Baltic Sea. In order to protect roads running along the shoreline from East Prussia to Königsberg, local shore reinforcement works commenced in the fifteenth century, although some individual attempts had been made before. In 1684, M. Ch. Hartknoch theoretically substantiated the necessity for, and methods of, shore reinforcement. The state of the shores deteriorated considerably during the Seven Years War (1756–1763), when woodlands growing along the shores were completely destroyed; hence, nearly 100 km length of the coast of the Kur?i? Nerija (Curonian) sand spit was left without any vegetation. Aeolian sand buried as many as fourteen settlements. This situation forced the authorities to organise maintenance of the coast and the dunes at the governmental level, and to start the formation of an uninterrupted dune ridge. The second half of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century are notable for the extensive construction of new ports. Along the shores running from the Sambian Peninsula to the Gulf of Riga, eight port engineering structures had been constructed with the intervals of approximately 26 km between the ports of Klaip?da and Liepaja, and every 13 km between Palanga and Pape. Shore management measures were being implemented simultaneously, thus ensuring the functioning of the above-mentioned coastal protection structures and the reduction of impacts upon the shores. In the second half of the twentieth century, ports were dredged and developed significantly. Their entrance channels reduced the long-shore sediment transport. Moreover, total sand reserves in the shore zone also diminished. The processes of erosion of the beaches and the dune ridge made it necessary to actively reinforce the shore. A number of countries passed legal acts governing the protection and use of the shore zone. At the turn of the twenty-first century, the incompatibility of such priorities in human activities as sea transport and recreation with nature protection has become evident. The conflict of interests in the Kur?i? Nerija National Park, the port of Klaip?da, and the resort of Palanga serve as good examples of such incompatibility. The conclusion that can be drawn that in twenty-first century is that the priorities in general coastal management should be as follows: harmonisation of interests among the states and individual fields of activities, as well as measures aimed at neutralisation of negative natural trends (higher frequency of storms, global rise of water level, etc.). The protective beach dune ridge will further play the role of efficient means for reducing shore erosion.     

基于MODIS气溶胶光学厚度与气象要素的苏锡常地区PM2.5地面浓度分布研究

基于GIS技术和岭回归分析方法,采用苏锡常地区的MODIS高分辨率气溶胶光学厚度资料、PM_(2.5)浓度观测资料和苏锡常及周边地区的气象观测资料,构建了基于气溶胶光学厚度和气象要素的PM_(2.5)地面浓度分布估算模型,模拟了2013年春季苏锡常地区PM_(2.5)的空间分布状况,并将此模型与气象要素多元回归模型、气溶胶光学厚度直接回归模型进行比较.结果表明:该模型将遥感观测资料与地面气象观测资料相结合,能够有效地模拟PM_(2.5)的空间分布状况;2013年春季苏锡常地区PM_(2.5)的空间分布具有整体上西北高、东南低,中心城区高、城郊区低的趋势,局部高浓度区域可能与工业生产、交通等人为因素有关;该模型能够在保持较高精度的前提下,有效地突出局部地区的变化特征,体现出更强的空间分异性,对于研究PM_(2.5)的空间分布规律具有一定的实际应用价值.     

基于岭估计的青海省东部农业区ET_0遥感反演研究

论文利用青海东部农业区内的12个气象站2003—2005年气象资料,应用Penman-Monteith公式计算得到各站逐旬的ET_0值,并进一步研究其与高程(DEM)、地表温度(LST)及归一化植被指数(NDVI)3个因子之间的关系,提取遥感数据并耦合到时间分辨率为旬,空间分辨率为1 km,将其与计算所得ET_0建立多元反演模型。由于3个自变量因子之间存在着很强的相关关系,LST与NDVI间判定系数R2平均在0.7左右,不能直接用最小二乘回归方法建立模型。为有效避免自变量间相关性对模型的影响,研究中采用岭估计方法建模。结果表明,通过岭估计建立2003年10~33旬区域二元模型反演最低精度达76.19%,区域三元模型反演最低精度也有83.54%。与传统方法所建模型相比,检查点均方根误差减小约1.1,反演最低精度提高11%左右,能满足实际应用需求。     

天津滨海贝壳堤成因与海岸线的演变

本文通过对天津滨海贝壳堤成因的研究,初步确定贝壳堤是全新世晚期形成的,它的形成和演化反映了近岸生源物质迁移、现代沉积过程,贝壳堤的演化模式划分为三个阶段.这对正确地揭示淤泥质平原海岸的形成机理、合理规划开发潮滩和贝壳堤资源有着重要意义.     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

垄作对降低黄土高原南部冬小麦田氨挥发风险的影响

为研究黄土高原南部冬小麦田NH₃挥发对垄作的响应,揭示其释放机制及污染风险,于2011—2013年冬小麦生长季,按照随机裂区试验设计布置田间试验,采用通气式田间原位酸吸收方法测定NH₃挥发. 主区为常规栽培及3种垄作,副区为2种施N(氮)处理——未施N(0 kg/hm2,以N计)和施N(180 kg/hm2). 结果表明:不同施N处理下,各耕作模式NH₃挥发通量在施肥后10 d均达到峰值,在施肥后30 d稳定在较低水平. 垄作单季NH₃累积挥发量(以N计)平均值为5.748 kg/hm2,比常规栽培降低4.9%;施N处理下NH₃累积挥发量平均值为6.512 kg/hm2,比未施N处理提高26.8%. 氮肥NH₃挥发损失率为0.47%~1.38%,其中垄作平均损失率比常规栽培降低60.1%. 不同施N处理下,各耕作模式NH₃挥发通量与土壤w(NH₄+)、含水量呈正相关;与25 cm深度处土壤温度、pH在冬前(施肥播种至土壤结冰阶段)呈正相关,而在冬后(土壤解冻至小麦收获阶段)则呈负相关. 土壤w(NH₄+)和土壤温度是控制NH₃挥发的两大主要因素. 冬前垄作降低NH₃挥发通量主要是由于垄作集中深施肥会增加NH₃挥发扩散阻力所致. 可见,旱作冬小麦种植区采用垄作可降低NH₃挥发风险.