Proportionate and disproportionate policy responses to climate change: core concepts and empirical applications

A fresh perspective on policy-making and planning has emerged which views disproportionate policy as an intentional policy response. A disproportionate policy response is understood to be a lack of ‘fit’ or balance between the costs of a public policy and the benefits that are derived from this policy, and between policy ends and means. This paper applies this new perspective on the proportionality of policy-making to the area of climate change. The first part of the paper discusses the underlying causes of disproportionate policy responses in broad terms and then applies the theoretical reasoning to understand the conditions in which they are likely to appear in relation to climate change. These conditions are hypothesized to relate to four main factors: economic considerations; levels of public demand; focusing events; and strategic considerations. It concludes with the suggestion that societal actors may be able to manipulate these four factors to encourage politicians to adopt policies that mitigate climate change more rapidly than is currently the case in most countries.     

考虑拦污栅-坝体相互作用的混凝土重力坝抗震安全性分析

对考虑拦污栅-坝体的动力相互作用的弹性连接和刚性连接的拦污栅-坝体以及不作耦联分析的拦污栅-坝体这三种不同模型结构形式的动力特性和动力响应进行了比较分析。研究发现,拦污栅的不同模型结构形式对大坝的抗震安全性分析有重要影响,考虑拦污栅-坝体的动力相互作用后,坝体损伤开裂的程度明显加大,坝顶的水平位移响应也明显提高。按《规范》规定的对拦污栅和坝体不作耦联分析的抗震计算方法,所得结果对坝体是偏于不安全的,而如考虑拦污栅-坝体之间的弹性连接,所得结果则是偏于安全的。     

黄河三角洲土地利用/土地覆盖变化研究现状与展望

土地利用/土地覆盖变化是全球环境变化研究的3个核心主题之一。黄河三角洲是我国乃至世界造陆速度最快的河口三角洲之一。伴随着人口的不断增加,黄河流域经济的发展,河口地带油气的开发,黄河三角洲土地利用/土地覆盖发生了迅速的变化,从而引发了土壤盐渍化、水污染严重、湿地资源保护受到威胁等一系列生态环境问题。论文以黄河三角洲为典型样区,把其土地利用/土地覆盖变化的研究作为全球环境变化研究的一个缩影,为全球性土地利用/土地覆盖变化模型的建立提供依据。论文首先介绍了黄河三角洲概况,其次对该地区土地利用/土地覆盖变化探测方法、结果进行了对比、归纳,接着回顾了该地区对土地利用/土地覆盖变化的驱动力分析以及模型预测,然后介绍了土地利用/土地覆盖与环境变化交互作用等的研究状况,最后总结了目前黄河三角洲土地利用/土地覆盖研究所取得的成绩和存在的不足,同时为进一步开展该地区的研究工作提出了若干建议。     

板材超塑性拉延过程的数值模拟

板料超塑性成形是一种全新的成形方法。用刚塑性有限元法对Zn 2 2Al合金U形拉延过程进行了数值模拟 ,分析了变形过程中工件的应力、应变、摩擦和厚度分布 ,揭示了成形过程中金属的塑性变形规律 ,为成形工艺设计提供了有效的分析工具。     

生活垃圾处理项目风险分析与对策研究

论述了垃圾处理项目全过程风险管理的内容及项目的风险特性,在对垃圾处理项目的风险因子分析的基础上,从整体上提出了风险管理对策,并强调垃圾填埋场是垃圾处理项目社会风险对策的最后一道屏障。     

Effect of a heavy metal model mixture on biological parameters of rainbow trout <Emphasis Type="Italic">oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis>

The effects of a model mixture (HMMM) of seven heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, Mn) on the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss at all stages of development (embryos, larvae, adults) were investigated based on the annual average concentrations of these metals in cooling waste waters discharging from Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (Lithuania) into the Drūk?iai lake. According to mortality parameters, the most sensitive to HMMM were larvae, although no significant differences between the sensitivity of embryos and adult fish to HMMM were found. Maximal toxic effect of HMMM was observed during the hatching period. Long-term exposure to sublethal concentrations of HMMM affected embryo development, growth of larvae, their cardio-respiratory and behavioural responses, induced significant changes in morphological, morpho-physiological, physiological and haematological parameters of adult fish. Respiratory responses and growth parameters of fish were found to be the most sensitive to low concentrations of HMMM. Adult fish were capable of detecting and avoiding low, sublethal concentrations of HMMM. Heavy metals in a mixture at low concentrations were more toxic than single ones. According to the background of the damages induced by HMMM, after-effects in a fish organism, as well as in a whole population, can be predicted.     

Local and systemic induced responses to cabbage root fly larvae (Delia radicum) in Brassica nigra and B. oleracea

Summary. Feeding by belowground herbivores may induce systemic changes in shoot defence levels that affect the performance of above ground herbivores and higher trophic levels. In this paper two wild Brassica species, B. nigra and B. oleracea were experimentally infested with 10 larvae of the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum. Plant dry masses and glucosinolate levels in shoots, main roots, and fine roots were determined at 3, 7, 12 and 14 days after infestation and compared to those of control plants. The systemic response in the leaves differed between plant species. In B. nigra shoot glucosinolate levels in D. radicum infested plants steadily increased with time until they were almost twice those of controls 14 days after infestation. B. oleracea plants infested with D. radicum did not show significant changes in shoot glucosinolate levels within 14 days, which may be due to the unexpected poorer performance of D. radicum on this species. Both plant species showed a local increase in indole glucosinolates in the main roots, which are the preferred feeding site of D. radicum larvae. B. oleracea plants however showed a stronger (1.9 – 4.7 times) increase in indole glucosinolate levels than B. nigra (1.5 – 2.6 times). The increase in indole glucosinolates in B. nigra main roots, was counterbalanced by a significant decrease in aromatic glucosinolate levels. These differences in local responses to D. radicum feeding between the two species may have contributed to the slower growth rates of the larvae on B. oleracea. D. radicum feeding did not result in altered glucosinolate levels in the fine roots in either plant species. The differences in glucosinolate induction patterns between the summer annual B. nigra and the perennial B. oleracea are discussed in the light of their different life histories.     

黑麦草对水体中镉-壬基酚复合污染的生理响应及修复

探讨了黑麦草对水体中镉-壬基酚(Cd-NP)复合污染的生理响应及修复作用.结果表明,单一Cd污染情况下,高浓度Cd~(2+)(10 mg·L~(-1))对黑麦草的生物量和叶绿素含量均有显著的抑制作用,植株过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性显著增大.单一NP污染情况下,黑麦草的生物量、叶绿素含量和MDA含量均无显著性变化;高浓度NP(5 mg·L~(-1))存在下,植株POD活性显著增大.当黑麦草受到复合污染胁迫时,高浓度NP的加入降低了Cd的抑制作用,使黑麦草的MDA含量有所回落,植株PPO活性有所下降.Cd~(2+)浓度为1 mg·L~(-1)时,黑麦草对Cd~(2+)有较好的去除效果,12 h的去除率达到了55.3%.吸收时间超过12 h,高浓度NP对黑麦草吸收Cd~(2+)有较显著的促进作用.NP浓度对植株地下部分Cd~(2+)吸收量有极显著影响,转移系数随着NP浓度增大而呈现上升趋势.NP浓度为5 mg·L~(-1)时,黑麦草对NP的吸收效果较好,24 h的吸收率为44.6%.低浓度Cd~(2+)的加入对黑麦草去除NP无显著性影响,而高浓度Cd~(2+)的加入对黑麦草吸收和降解NP均有极为显著的抑制作用.     

航空发动机叶片振动特性试验研究

目的通过理论计算和试验验证获得航空发动机叶片一阶弯曲振动频率,并在一阶弯曲振动模态下获取叶片所受应力与叶片自振频率、叶片振幅之间的关系。方法利用有限元分析软件对叶片进行模态分析,得到叶片的一阶弯曲振动频率。在振动试验系统上,通过扫频试验验证叶片发生一阶弯曲共振的频率,对叶片进行高应力振动试验。结果叶片一阶弯曲振动频率理论计算值为3584 Hz,实验值为3286 Hz,误差为8.31%,满足工程误差小于10%的要求。叶片所受应力与叶片自振频率、叶片振幅之间的关系为σ=1.8759af。结论得到了叶片的一阶弯曲振动频率以及叶片所受应力与叶片自振频率、叶片振幅之间的关系。