基于模态实验的细长体两点激振试验方案的制定

目的细长体两点激振试验方案中,更好地选择激励位置、控制位置和悬挂点的位置。方法制定两点激振试验方案时需要参考试件的模态信息。结果根据试验方案的确定方法和模态试验理论,利用试件模型的模态试验结果,建立了一种试验方案制定时的激振位置、控制位置、悬挂位置计算方法,量化了试验方案的确定方法。结论通过两种试验方案控制位置、悬挂位置计算数值的对比,可以直观地对比不同试验方案的优劣,有利于两点激振试验方案的制定和选择。     

频域子结构方法在力学环境预示中的应用研究

目的利用频域子结构方法(FBSM,FRF Based Sub-structuring Method)对结构的力学环境进行准确高效地预示。方法分别对处理子结构间为刚性连接和弹性连接两种问题的FBSM进行理论推导。为了验证FBSM的正确性,设计连接为刚性连接和弹性连接两种算例结构,并将FBSM对算例结构频响函数的计算结果与有限元方法(FEM,Finite Element Method)的对应计算结果进行对比。其中,弹性连接利用空间梁单元进行等效,并将该等效方法与利用六自由度标量弹簧的等效方法进行对比。结果对于刚性连接和弹性连接两种情况,FBSM对频响函数的计算结果均与FEM的对应计算结果吻合程度良好。此外,空间梁单元的结点刚度矩阵为非对角阵,与六自由度标量弹簧相比,可更为准确地等效工程实际中的弹性连接。结论FBSM可对结构的力学环境进行准确高效的预示,且在处理具有弹性连接结构的力学环境预示问题时,可采用空间梁单元等效弹性连接。     

Variable predation risk and the dynamic nature of mosquito antipredator responses to chemical alarm cues

Summary. Predation is a pervasive selective agent highly variable in space and time. Due to the costs associated with antipredator responses, prey would be at a selective advantage if they respond to predation threats with an intensitfy matching the threat posed by the predator. Many aquatic organisms have been shown to use chemical alarm cues present in the water to assess the level of risk in their environment. This includes mosquito larvae which show antipredator responses to conspecific alarm cues. In this study, we investigated the nature of the responses of larval mosquitoes Culex restuans to those cues. In our initial observations, we showed pond/population differences in the response intensity of C. restuans to alarm cues. In experiment 1, we showed that the response intensity to alarm cues could be increased by increasing the background level of risk in the mosquitoes’ environment (by adding salamander predators) and once turned on, the response intensity to alarm cues was likely maintained for the remainder of the mosquitoes’ aquatic life. In experiments 2 and 3, we investigated if the increase in response intensity to alarm cues was directly correlated with the level of background risk in the mosquitoes’ environment. When given increasing levels of background risk, mosquito larvae subsequently showed a graded response to conspecific alarm cues. This series of experiments demonstrates that the response intensity of larval mosquitoes to a standard concentration of alarm cues is not fixed, but rather dependent on the background level of risk in the environment. An understanding of the background level of risk is particularly important for comparing antipredator responses of prey between habitats.     

全球环境变化对农作物影响的研究进展

从CO2浓度升高、CO2浓度与温度升高以及CO2浓度与水分变化的协同作用、CO2浓度升高与环境盐胁迫的协同作用和作物产量预测模拟及其适应对策4个方面总结了近年来国内外关于农业生产对全球环境变化的响应与适应及其变化趋势的研究进展，指出目前人类关于农业生产对未来全球环境变化响应机理的理解与预测很有限，提出中国未来需要拟加强的研究领域．参38     

森林对氮饱和的响应

氮素缺乏是大多数北半球森林生态系统普遍存在的现象，是森林生长的主要限制因子之一．但是化石燃料和氮肥施用使得大量的氮化合物进入大气，多余的氮输入引起森林衰退和土壤酸化，出现了“氮饱和”现象．本文就氮饱和的定义、研究手段及监测指标、森林对其的生理和群落响应等进行初步分析，并提出建议和展望，以期能为森林对氮饱和的响应的进一步研究提供科学依据．表1参46     

Use of Water Clarity to Monitor the Effects of Climate Change and other Stressors on Oligotrophic Lakes

We present evidence from studies oflakes in Killarney Park, Ontario, Canada that waterclarity is a key variable for monitoring theeffects of climate change, high UV exposure andacidification. In small oligotrophic lakes, thesestressors affect water clarity primarily byaltering the concentration of DOC in lake water. Clear lakes (<2 mg L^-1 DOC) proved to be highlysensitive indicators of stressors, exhibiting largethermal and optical responses to small changes inDOC. Extremely clear (<0.5 mg L^-1 DOC) acidic lakesshowed the effects of climate change and solarbleaching in recent decades. These lakes becamemuch clearer even though they were slowlyrecovering from acidification.     

响应面法对PBGA封装元器件的有限元模型修正

目的利用特殊设计夹具来模仿PCB板的典型插入式固定方式,通过响应面法对安装有PBGA的菊花链PCB板有限元模型进行修正。方法有限元模型经过三次响应面修正,每一个修正阶段都计算仿真前三阶频率与相对应的模态试验结果相对比,建立两个目标函数,并利用多目标遗传算法来缩小仿真分析与模态试验结果。结果有限元模型得到了有效的改善。结论响应面法可以从实际出发来提升有限元模型准确度。     

Identifying robust response options to manage environmental change using an Ecosystem Approach: A stress-testing case study for the UK XXX

A diverse range of response options was evaluated in terms of their utility for sustaining ecosystem services in the UK. Robustness of response options was investigated by applying a ‘stress-testing’ method which evaluated expected performance against combined scenarios of socioeconomic and climate change. Based upon stakeholder feedback, a reference scenario representing current trends in climate and socioeconomic drivers (‘business-as-usual’) was used as a dynamic baseline against which to compare results of other scenarios. The robustness of response options was evaluated by their utility in different environmental and social contexts as represented by the scenarios, and linked to their adaptability to adjust to changing conditions. Key findings demonstrate that adaptability becomes increasingly valuable as the magnitude and rate of future change diverges from current trends. Stress-testing also revealed that individual responses in isolation are unlikely to be robust meaning there are advantages from integrating cohesive combinations (bundles) of response options to maximise their individual strengths and compensate for weaknesses. This identifies a role for both top-down and bottom-up responses, including regulation, spatial targeting, incentives and partnership initiatives, and their use in combination through integrated assessment and planning consistent with the adoption of an Ecosystem Approach. Stress-testing approaches can have an important role in future-proofing policy appraisals but important knowledge gaps remain, especially for cultural and supporting ecosystem services. Finally, barriers and enablers to the implementation of more integrated long-term adaptive responses were identified drawing on the ‘4 Is’ (Institutions, Information, Incentives, Identity) conceptual framework. This highlighted the crucial but usually understated role of identity in promoting ownership and uptake of responses.     

采用人工地震波对大跨度刚构桥的地震响应分析

为获得大跨度刚构桥在多维多点地震激励下的响应特征,基于功率谱模型合成了满足给定相关函数的多维多点人工地震波。采用有限元软件SAP2000分别在线性与非线性领域对某大跨度刚构桥进行计算分析,研究刚构桥在多维多点地震下的响应特点。结果表明,多点激励下刚构桥主梁的横向弯矩往往较一致激励下的大;考虑非线性特性后,刚构桥在三向地震作用下的响应并不等于单向地震响应的简单叠加,且刚构桥的墩顶比墩底部位更易形成塑性铰,建议在实际工程中重视刚构桥墩顶部位的延性设计。     

连续钢构桥成桥荷载试验实施方案研究

新建连续钢构桥的质量是保证桥梁安全运营的关键,因此,成桥后通过荷载试验对桥梁质量进行评定以评判桥梁的质量,确保桥梁安全运营,防止安全事故发生就显得至关重要。本文对连续钢构桥成桥荷载试验实施方案进行研究,确定了此类桥梁的试验内容、提出了静载试验方案的加荷原则、控制截面、试验工况和测点布置原则以及动载试验方案的测试内容和脉冲试验、跑车试验、跳车试验、刹车试验的试验方法。运用这些原则和方法能够对新建桥梁的质量进行详细鉴定,以检验设计理论以及施工质量,为即将投入使用的桥梁的运营、养护提供依据。