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351.
目的针对传统垂直塔座椅弹射试验中采用刹车片制动所存在的试验准备时间长、效率低的问题,提出采用永磁涡流制动的方式进行制动。方法通过理论计算和数值模拟,研究永磁涡流制动在滑车垂直坠落试验中定点缓冲制动的可行性,并在此基础上,优化永磁涡流制动系统中静子板的材料方案。结果采用永磁涡流制动系统能够满足垂直塔座椅弹射试验对40 m制动距离的要求。结论优化的静子板的选材方案为:高速制动段采用不锈钢,中速制动段采用铜镍合金,低速制动段采用铝合金。 相似文献
352.
ZHAO Tongqian XU Huashan HE Yuxiao TAI Chao MENG Hongqi ZENG Fanfu XING Menglin 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2009,(7)
Riparian wetland is the major transition zone of matter, energy and information transfer between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and has important functions of water purification and non-point pollution control. Using the field experiment method and an isotope tracing technique, the agricultural non-point nitrogen pollution control function of dierent vegetation types in riparian wetland was studied in the Kouma Section of the Yellow River. The results showed that the retention of agricultural non-point ... 相似文献
353.
不同草皮缓冲带对径流污染物的去除效果试验研究 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
选择上海地区常见的5种草皮植被,利用自行设计的试验装置构建草皮缓冲带,模拟上海地区农业面源污染和降雨特征,进行缓冲带污染物净化效果试验研究。结果表明,草皮的存在明显提高缓冲带对污染物的净化效果,并且能增强缓冲带土壤的渗透能力;百慕大缓冲带对径流SS的截留能力最强,平均去除率达到71.86%;草皮缓冲带对渗流水营养物质的净化效果明显高于径流,渗流水TN、TP平均去除率以白花三叶草最高,分别为58.27%和60.49%;综合考虑降雨特征和污染物净化效果等因素,百慕大、白花三叶草和高羊茅等3种草皮,可以作为上海地区缓冲带草皮植被的优先选择种类。 相似文献
354.
湖滨带是湖泊保护的重要屏障,其不同植被带中的细菌对入湖污染物降解起重要作用.为研究不同植被带中的细菌分布,以洱海沙坪湾湖滨带为研究对象,采用Illumina HiSeq高通量测序方法,对其中AG(乔草植被带)、EP(挺水植被带)、SP(沉水植被带)和UV(无植被带)的土壤或沉积物中的细菌多样性和群落结构进行研究.结果表明:湖滨带植被带中细菌种类丰富,共有54个门、106个纲、192个目、334个科和503个属被检测到,细菌的OTUs从高到低依次为EP(3 162个)、AG(2 926个)、UV(2 709个)和SP(2 427个),Shannon-Wiener多样性指数从高到低依次为EP(10.14)、AG(9.75)、SP(9.44) 和UV(9.26);湖滨带植被带中主要细菌类群是变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(AG,48.55%;EP,47.83%;SP,40.36%;UV,44.00%)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)(AG,19.30%;EP,5.31%;SP,5.67%;UV,6.30%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)(AG,6.01%;EP,8.24%;SP,3.96%;UV,13.13%)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)(AG,3.98%;EP,8.91%;SP,8.95%;UV,7.59%),主要类群在不同植被带中占比不同;植被带类型对细菌的群落结构特征影响不大,但对细菌种群的多样性影响较大.典型对应分析(CCA)结果显示,w(TP)、pH和w(OM)(OM为有机质)是影响不同植被带细菌种群结构的主要环境因子. 相似文献
355.
356.
洱海10条入湖河流缓冲带三圈内氮含量沿程变化 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
2013年7月采集了10条洱海入湖河流缓冲带三圈(外圈、内圈、中圈)内沿程34个断面的表层水样,测定了水样中总氮、可溶性总氮和氨氮的含量,分析其空间分布特征.结果表明,缓冲带内3个采样点的水质变化规律有9种类型:连续升高型,连续降低型,先降低后升高的“V”字型,先升高后降低的倒“V”字型,平稳型,先升高后平稳型,先下降后平稳型,先平稳后降低型,先平稳后升高型,10条洱海入湖河流水体ρ(TN)较高,平均值为2.93mg/L,特别是内圈入湖河口处ρ(TN)平均值为3.74mg/L,对洱海威胁较大,应加大河道治理,完善缓冲带内圈村落管网收集系统和垃圾处理设施.其中,茫涌溪、黑龙溪和清碧溪流域缓冲带ρ(DTN)为0.30~2.31mg/L,占TN比例的平均值为81%,中圈水体中氮负荷明显较内圈和外圈的高,应通过测土平衡施肥以及有机肥增施来降低化肥使用量,减少农田污染物随径流流失.考虑入湖河流水质上游普遍较好,中游开始恶化,建议在缓冲带外圈建设生态砾石床、生态塘和地下渗透池等生态截蓄净化工程. 相似文献
357.
Oscar Alberto Rojas-Castillo;Sebastian Kepfer Rojas;Leandro Juen;Luciano Fogaça de Assis Montag;Fernando Geraldo Carvalho;Thiago Pereira Mendes;Kenny Wei Jie Chua;Clare L. Wilkinson;Mohammad Noor Azmai Amal;Muhammad Fahmi-Ahmad;Dean Jacobsen; 《Conservation biology》2024,38(1):e14172
The expansion of oil palm plantations has led to land-use change and deforestation in the tropics, which has affected biodiversity. Although the impacts of the crop on terrestrial biodiversity have been extensively reviewed, its effects on freshwater biodiversity remain relatively unexplored. We reviewed the research assessing the impacts of forest-to-oil palm conversion on freshwater biota and the mitigating effect of riparian buffers on these impacts. We searched for studies comparing taxa richness, species abundance, and community composition of macroinvertebrates, amphibians, and fish in streams in forests (primary and disturbed) and oil palm plantations with and without riparian buffers. Then, we conducted a meta-analysis to quantify the overall effect of the land-use change on the 3 taxonomic groups. Twenty-nine studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. On average, plantations lacking buffers hosted 44% and 19% fewer stream taxa than primary and disturbed forests, respectively. Stream taxa on plantations with buffers were 24% lower than in primary forest and did not differ significantly from disturbed forest. In contrast, stream community composition differed between forests and plantations regardless of the presence of riparian buffers. These differences were attributed to agrochemical use and altered environmental conditions in the plantations, including temperature changes, worsened water conditions, microhabitat loss, and food and shelter depletion. On aggregate, abundance did not differ significantly among land uses because increases in generalist species offset the population decline of vulnerable forest specialists in the plantation. Our results reveal significant impacts of forest-to-oil palm conversion on freshwater biota, particularly taxa richness and composition (but not aggregate abundance). Although preserving riparian buffers in the plantations can mitigate the loss of various aquatic species, it cannot conserve primary forest communities. Therefore, safeguarding primary forests from the oil palm expansion is crucial, and further research is needed to address riparian buffers as a promising mitigation strategy in agricultural areas. 相似文献
358.
为了解沮河流域(黄陵段)河岸带土壤重金属特征,在沮河流域(黄陵段)河岸带采集了12个样带共计84个土壤样品,分析了8种重金属(砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、镍(Ni)和锌(Zn))的含量状况及分布特征,利用单因子指数法、内梅罗综合指数法和地累积指数法对重金属污染程度进行评价,采用潜在生态风险指数法评价研究区生态风险程度,综合Pearson相关性分析和主成分分析法,定性分析8种重金属的来源. 结果表明,沮河流域(黄陵段)河岸带土壤中,Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni和As存在轻微富集现象,Cd和Hg的污染最为严重,平均值为0.134 mg·kg−1和0.066 mg·kg−1,点位超标率分别达到了100%和58.3%. Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu和Hg等元素的含量在空间上分布相似,即从上游到下游为先递增后递减的趋势,而Ni和Cr两种元素的含量却呈现先递减后递增的趋势. As元素的含量从上游到下游一直呈递减趋势. 3种典型土地利用河岸带的重金属横向分布规律呈现出一定的相似性,均呈现出随着高程的降低先增加后减小的趋势. 坡度和径流是影响重金属迁移的重要因素. 污染评价和生态风险评价表明,Cd和Hg两种重金属元素存在较高的污染等级,分别达到了Ⅲ级和Ⅴ级,Cd和Hg两种重金属元素的潜在生态风险较高,其中Cd为Ⅳ级,Hg为Ⅴ级. 相关性分析和主成分分析结果表明,As、Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn主要受农业生产、交通运输、工业生产的影响,为人为源;Cr和Ni的污染源主要为自然源,如地质活动和成土母质;Hg的主要来源为大气沉降. 相似文献
359.
Gregory Hancock Stuart E. Hamilton Monica Stone Jim Kaste John Lovette 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2015,51(6):1613-1625
A geospatial methodology has been developed that utilizes high resolution lidar‐derived DEMs to help track runoff from agricultural fields and identify areas of potential concentrated flow through vegetated riparian areas in the Coastal Plain of Virginia. Points of concentrated flow are identified across 74 agricultural fields within the Virginia portion of the Chesapeake Bay watershed. On average, 70% of the surface area of the agricultural fields analyzed drains through less than 20 m of the field margin, and on average 81% of the field surface area drains through 1% or less of the field margin. Within the riparian buffer, locations that were predicted by the geospatial model to have high levels of concentrated flow were found to exhibit evidence of channelization. Results indicate that flow concentration and channelized flow through vegetated riparian areas may be common along the margin of agricultural fields, resulting in vegetated riparian areas that are less effective at sediment trapping than assumed. Additional results suggest that the regulations governing the location and width of vegetated riparian may not be sufficient to achieve goals for reducing sediment and nutrient runoff from nonpoint agricultural sources. Combined with the increasing availability of lidar‐derived DEMs, the geospatial model presented has the potential to advance management practices aimed at reducing nonpoint source pollution leaving agricultural fields. 相似文献
360.
Regeneration of Native Trees in the Presence of Invasive Saltcedar in the Colorado River Delta, Mexico 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
PAMELA L. NAGLER†† OSVEL HINOJOSA-HUERTA† EDWARD P. GLENN JAQUELINE GARCIA-HERNANDEZ‡ REGGIE ROMO CHARLES CURTIS§ ALFREDO R. HUETE STEPHEN G. NELSON 《Conservation biology》2005,19(6):1842-1852
Abstract: Many riparian zones in the Sonoran Desert have been altered by elimination of the normal flood regime; such changes to the flow regime have contributed to the spread of saltcedar ( Tamarix ramosissma Ledeb.), an exotic, salt-tolerant shrub. It has been proposed that reestablishment of a natural flow regime on these rivers might permit passive restoration of native trees, without the need for aggressive saltcedar clearing programs. We tested this proposition in the Colorado River delta in Mexico, which has received a series of large-volume water releases from U.S. dams over the past 20 years. We mapped the vegetation of the delta riparian corridor through ground and aerial surveys (1999–2002) and satellite imagery (1992–2002) and related vegetation changes to river flood flows and fire events. Although saltcedar is still the dominant plant in the delta, native cottonwood ( Populus fremontii S. Wats.) and willow ( Salix gooddingii C. Ball) trees have regenerated multiple times because of frequent flood releases from U.S. dams since 1981. Tree populations are young and dynamic (ages 5–10 years). The primary cause of tree mortality between floods is fire. Biomass in the floodplain, as measured by the normalized difference vegetation index on satellite images, responds positively even to low-volume (but long-duration) flood events. Our results support the hypothesis that restoration of a pulse flood regime will regenerate native riparian vegetation despite the presence of a dominant invasive species, but fire management will be necessary to allow mature tree stands to develop. 相似文献