蛭石在非缓冲与缓冲体系中的Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)吸附行为研究

探讨了蛭石分别在非缓冲体系与缓冲体系中的Zn2+、Cd2+吸附行为,比较了2个体系中Zn2+、Cd2+的平衡吸附量(qe),qe与平衡液相离子浓度(ce)、qe与ce和吸附剂浓度(W0)之比(ce/W0)的对应关系。结果表明,在非缓冲体系与缓冲体系中,在3个W0水平上,Zn2+、Cd2+都具有其独立的qe—ce等温吸附曲线,而qe与ce/W0具有良好的相关性,在3个W0水平上的qe—ce/W0等温吸附曲线基本拟合在一起,即在qe—ce/W0等温吸附曲线中均基本消除了吸附剂浓度效应;加入缓冲溶液的传统方法并不能消除W0对离子吸附效果的影响;缓冲体系中,大量的其他阳离子参与Zn2+、Cd2+的竞争吸附,从而使得Zn2+、Cd2+的qe相对降低;缓冲体系的qe—ce、qe—ce/W0等温吸附曲线与非缓冲体系相比,线性形式更为明显,缓冲体系的qe—ce/W0等温吸附曲线中,qe与ce/W0的对应关系没有非缓冲体系中的好。     

生态恢复对退化河岸植物群落的作用 ——以重庆九龙外滩河岸带生态恢复为例

河岸带是陆地生态系统与水生生态系统之间的过渡地带,受人类干扰的威胁较大.长江是流经重庆都市区的主要河流,主城区两江四岸部分河岸硬化,河岸生态功能退化或丧失,生物多样性降低.本文以重庆主城区九龙外滩的河岸带为研究区域,通过调查,采用Ward最小方差法对植物群落类型进行划分,比较了生态恢复区域和自然区域的植物群落特征及优势...     

河岸芦苇、茭白和香蒲植物带处理受污染河水中试研究

利用中试规模的河岸植物带(芦苇、茭白、香蒲)及无植物空白带对受污染河水进行处理,并对它们处理结果进行比较.结果表明,3种植物均能强化污染物的去除.其中芦苇带效果最好,它在整个运行期间对COD、NH₄⁺-N和TP的去除效果分别为43.7%、79.5%和75.2%.对出水溶解氧与水温进行了考察,结果表明植物带水体的溶解氧变化比无植物带小,水温比无植物带低.其中,芦苇带水的溶解氧最高,香蒲带水温和溶解氧最低.芦苇、茭白、香蒲带对河水中污染物的去除和改善水环境条件等方面表现了不同的特点,在河岸带修复时应尽可能保证水生植物的多样性.     

浑太河流域多尺度土地利用/景观格局与水质响应关系初步分析

选取浑太河流域为研究对象,采用GIS、相关性分析、多元线性回归分析等多种数理统计分析技术,从子流域和河岸缓冲区尺度分析了土地利用、景观格局对河流水质的影响。结果表明:农业用地面积比例在子流域和1000m河岸缓冲区尺度与NH4+-N、TN、BOD5和COND呈正相关;林地用地面积比例在子流域尺度和河岸缓冲区尺度均与CODMn呈负相关,在300m、400m、1000m河岸缓冲区尺度与TN呈负相关,在1000m河岸缓冲区尺度与COND呈负相关,在子流域与1000m河岸缓冲区尺度与NO3-呈正相关;草地在子流域尺度与NH4+-N、TN、TP、Chl、CODMn呈正相关;建设用地面积比例在子流域尺度与BOD5、COND、TN呈正相关。CONTAG在河岸带缓冲区尺度与COND、TN呈正相关,在子流域和河岸缓冲区尺度与均CODMn均呈正相关,在河岸缓冲区尺度与NO3-呈负相关;PD在子流域尺度上与TN呈正相关,ED在子流域尺度上与NO3-呈正相关,与NH4+呈负相关;SHDI在子流域与河岸缓冲区尺度与NO3-均呈负相关。相对于河岸缓冲区尺度,土地利用类型在子流域尺度上对水质的影响更为显著,表现在调整判定系数Adjusted R2更大。而景观格局指数中对水质影响最大的是CONTAG,相对于子流域尺度,CONTAG在缓冲区尺度上影响更为显著。     

Threats to Riparian Ecosystems in Western North America: An Analysis of Existing Literature1

Poff, Boris, Karen A. Koestner, Daniel G. Neary, and Victoria Henderson, 2011. Threats to Riparian Ecosystems in Western North America: An Analysis of Existing Literature. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(6):1241–1254. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00571.x Abstract: A total of 453 journal articles, reports, books, and book chapters addressing threats to riparian ecosystems in western North America were analyzed to identify, quantify, and qualify the major threats to these ecosystems as represented in the existing literature. Publications were identified either as research, policy, literature review, historical comparison, or management papers. All papers were evaluated based on year of publication, area of interest, and type(s) of threats addressed. Research papers, however, were assessed in more depth. The publications ranged from the 1930s to 2010 and addressed the following threats: dams, pollution (point and nonpoint), grazing, land use change, timber harvesting, water diversion, road construction, recreation, mining, groundwater pumping, invasive species, climate change, salinity, fire, insect and diseases, woody encroachment, watershed degradation, elimination of native vegetation, beavers, fire suppression, and fuel management. While the types of threats vary on spatial and temporal scales, some persist through decades in western North America. This analysis shows that grazing has been perceived as a dominant threat since the 1980s, but has been diminishing in the past decade, while invasive species, dams and, in recent years, climate change are increasingly represented in the literature as threats to riparian ecosystems in western North America.     

Comparison of Indexes for Prioritizing Placement of Water Quality Buffers in Agricultural Watersheds1

Dosskey, Michael G. and Zeyuan Qiu, 2011. Comparison of Indexes for Prioritizing Placement of Water Quality Buffers in Agricultural Watersheds. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):662‐671. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00532.x Abstract: Five physically based, spatially distributed, empirical indexes were compared for the degree to which they identified the same or different locations in watersheds where vegetative buffers would function better for reducing agricultural nonpoint source pollution. All five indexes were calculated on a 10 m × 10 m digital elevation grid on agricultural land in the 144‐km² Neshanic River watershed in New Jersey. The indexes included the topography‐based Wetness Index (WI) and Topographic Index (TI) and three soil survey‐based indexes (sediment trapping efficiency [STE], water trapping efficiency [WTE], and groundwater interaction [GI]). Results showed that each index associated higher pollution risk and mitigation potential to a different part of the landscape. The WI and TI identified swales and riparian areas where runoff converges, whereas STE and WTE identified upland sites. The STE and WTE lack the fine scale of slope resolution and the accounting for convergent runoff patterns that can be important for properly locating buffers in some watersheds. The GI index indicates the existence of a shallow water table but the correspondence with WI‐ and TI‐identified sites was only modest. For watersheds where pollutant loading is generated by both saturation‐excess (emphasized by TI and WI) and infiltration‐excess processes (emphasized by STE and WTE), the indexes could be complementary. However, techniques would be needed for properly apportioning priority among sites identified by each index.     

高层建筑火灾时走廊-前室缓冲区效果数值模拟研究

高层建筑火灾时,正压防烟带入的大量新鲜空气被送入着火层并稀释了烟气,降低了机械排烟效率.提出设置高层建筑条形走廊-前室缓冲区的设想,采用双方程κ-ε模型,对设置缓冲区后排烟效果的影响进行了模拟和分析.结果表明:建有前室缓冲区后,前室内烟气的平均质量分数远小于4.6％,前室在较长时间内处于安全状态.从走廊扩散至竖井的烟气分别经过走廊、前室两次降温,温度下降明显,在竖井中容易形成滞止状态,使其向上方其他楼层扩散的趋势降低,对整栋楼内人员疏散而言更为有利.     

长廊型建筑前室缓冲区对排烟效果的影响

高层建筑发生火灾时,采用加压防烟将会有大量的新鲜空气被送入着火层。这些新鲜空气稀释了烟气,从而降低了机械排烟效率。提出了高层建筑条形走廊前室缓冲区的设想,并通过高层建筑内烟气流动的数学模型,采用双方程三维紊流模型,对相同排烟量情况下前室缓冲区对排烟效果的影响进行了模拟计算和对比分析。结果表明：对条形走廊,前室缓冲区能够提高机械排烟效率近3.6%,同时在前室门附近走廊内形成一段相对安全的区域,有利于人员逃离着火层。     

温州城市河流河岸带土壤中PAHs的污染特征与来源

为研究城市河流河岸带土壤中多环芳烃（PAHs）的污染特征,于2010年8月沿温州九山外河和山下河河岸带采集了21个表层土壤样品,利用加速溶剂萃取仪（ASE）萃取,净化柱提取净化,使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）分析了土壤中18种PAHs的含量.结果表明,温州九山外河和山下河河岸带表层土壤中PAHs含量范围为60.7～3 871.3 ng·g-1,山下河河岸带土壤中ΣPAHs含量显著低于九山外河.两条河流河岸带土壤中的PAHs均以2、3环的低环为主,平均占到PAHs总量的62.47%～72.51%.与国内外其他研究地区土壤中PAHs含量相比,研究河段河岸带土壤中的PAHs处于中等污染水平,但有3个样品中BaP浓度远大于前苏联土壤标准,应引起足够重视.利用Ant/（Ant＋Phe）和Fla/（Fla＋Pyr）比值法和主成分分析方法进行判源,温州城市河流河岸带土壤中的PAHs均表现出明显的燃烧源和石油源的综合来源特征。     

Rehabilitation and improvement of Guilin urban water environment：Function-oriented management

Economic development and population growth have deeply damaged the urban water environment of Guilin City, China. Main problems involved structural damage and functional deterioration of the urban waters. An integrated technical scheme was developed to rehabilitate the urban water environment and to enhance the waters' functions during 1998-2008. Improvement of waters' functions included water system reconstruction, water pollution control, water safety assurance, and aquatic ecological restoration. The water system was reconstructed to connect different waters and clean water supplies to the lakes. Moreover, water pollution was controlled to improve water quality by endogenous pollutant elimination and extraneous pollutant interception. In addition, ecological measures put in place serve to enhance water system functions and better benefit both nature and humans. The project has brought about sound ecological, economic and social benefits in Guilin City, which can potentially be extended to similar cities.