河岸缓冲带对氮磷的截留转化及其生态恢复研究进展

河岸缓冲带是河岸生态系统的重要组成部分,对农业非点源污染物起到有效的截留转化作用。对河岸缓冲带的定义、生态结构特性和功能,河岸缓冲带对氮和磷的截留转化作用以及河岸缓冲带的生态修复现状进行了综合评述。结果表明：草地和森林类型河岸缓冲带均能有效地控制氮和磷向水体中迁移;河岸缓冲带的宽度、水文特征、土壤性质、季节变化以及人为活动等是影响其截留效率的因素;加强退化河岸缓冲带的恢复重建工程,可以保证河岸生态系统的健康。针对目前研究中的不足,提出今后的研究方向,认为应进行长期的大尺度的野外实践研究,并从生态学的角度出发,建立合理的河岸缓冲带健康指标,为退化河岸缓冲带恢复重建提供科学依据。     

STREAM CHANNEL ADJUSTMENTS FOLLOWING ELIMINATION OF CAVFLE GRAZING1

ABSTRACT: Cattle grazing practices in the western United States have contributed to widespread riparian degradation resulting in unstable channel morphologies and the loss of fish habitat. Because of prolonged disturbance, numerous riparian areas on both public and private lands have been fenced to exclude cattle in order to promote vegetation establishment and riparian improvement. We selected four gravel-bedded, steep alluvial streams in eastern Oregon with cattle exclosures greater than 14 years old for an analysis of geomorphic adjustments following the removal of cattle grazing. We compare channels inside exclosures and in adjacent grazed reaches to identify the salient stream channel properties that respond to the removal of riparian stresses and to document the magnitude of these changes. Results indicate that significant changes occur, with reductions in bankfull dimensions and increases in pool area being the most common and identifiable changes. At all four sites, bankfull widths are narrower by 10 to 20 percent, and the percentage of channel area occupied by pools is higher in the exclosure by 8 to 15 percent. The increase in pool area is primarily offset by a reduction in the percent glide area. Not all of the channel properties demonstrate adjustment, indicating that perhaps 14 years is an insufficient duration for these variables to adjust.     

压力缓冲技术研究

高压问题在工业企业中是常见问题,它非常重要,因为它极大的影响到相关人员的安全问题。压力缓冲技术是关于压力变化规律的科学,它能够指导我们处理高压工作和出现的相关问题。压力缓冲技术在工业企业中具有举足轻重的作用。本文以常见的压力缓冲方法为对象,从数学的角度深入分析了压力缓冲的实现原理,从本质上对压力缓冲技术进行了研究。对于压力缓冲设备的设计、选择和操作等各个环节都有一定的指导意义。本文还针对生产实际提出了一些建议,能够在压力缓冲和相关问题处理中有所帮助。     

人工湿地污水处理系统中构建天然蛭石缓冲单元可行性研究

为提高人工湿地污水处理的冬季处理效果,建议在人工湿地处理系统中构建缓冲单元,并将天然蛭石作为缓冲单元的主体填料.结果表明:在水力负荷为1.4 m3/(m2·d)和蛭石层填充高度≥60 cm的条件下,对于经初沉处理的生活污水(COD值为150-350 mg/L,NH4 -N为10-30 mg/L,TP为1.0-1.5 mg/L),无植物天然蛭石缓冲单元至少可在45 d内保持其出水各项水质指标达到一级排放标准,从而可基本满足人工湿地在植物换季时期的处理需要.另外,适当增加系统含氧量和蛭石用量可提高体系缓冲性能.     

The Role of Ground Water in Generating Streamflow in Headwater Areas and in Maintaining Base Flow1

Abstract: The volume and sustainability of streamflow from headwaters to downstream reaches commonly depend on contributions from ground water. Streams that begin in extensive aquifers generally have a stable point of origin and substantial discharge in their headwaters. In contrast, streams that begin as discharge from rocks or sediments having low permeability have a point of origin that moves up and down the channel seasonally, have small incipient discharge, and commonly go dry. Nearly all streams need to have some contribution from ground water in order to provide reliable habitat for aquatic organisms. Natural processes and human activities can have a substantial effect on the flow of streams between their headwaters and downstream reaches. Streams lose water to ground water when and where their head is higher than the contiguous water table. Although very common in arid regions, loss of stream water to ground water also is relatively common in humid regions. Evaporation, as well as transpiration from riparian vegetation, causing ground‐water levels to decline also can cause loss of stream water. Human withdrawal of ground water commonly causes streamflow to decline, and in some regions has caused streams to cease flowing.     

Effects of Impervious Cover at Multiple Spatial Scales on Coastal Watershed Streams1

Abstract: The spatial scale and location of land whose development has the strongest influence on aquatic ecosystems must be known to support land use decisions that protect water resources in urbanizing watersheds. We explored impacts of urbanization on streams in the West River watershed, New Haven, Connecticut, to identify the spatial scale of watershed imperviousness that was most strongly related to water chemistry, macroinvertebrates, and physical habitat. A multiparameter water quality index was used to characterize regional urban nonpoint source pollution levels. We identified a critical level of 5% impervious cover, above which stream health declined. Conditions declined with increasing imperviousness and leveled off in a constant state of impairment at 10%. Instream variables were most correlated (0.77 ≤ |r| ≤ 0.92, p < 0.0125) to total impervious area (TIA) in the 100‐m buffer of local contributing areas (～5‐km² drainage area immediately upstream of each study site). Water and habitat quality had a relatively consistent strong relationship with TIA across each of the spatial scales of investigation, whereas macroinvertebrate metrics produced noticeably weaker relationships at the larger scales. Our findings illustrate the need for multiscale watershed management of aquatic ecosystems in small streams flowing through the spatial hierarchies that comprise watersheds with forest‐urban land use gradients.     

河岸植被土壤系统对面源污染的削减和净化研究

具有一定群落结构的河岸植被土壤系统内部具有较大的生物生存空间和相互作用区域,其间生物地球化学联合机制,可以减缓径流,捕获泥沙,截断或去除地表径流、壤中流或渗漏水及浅层地下水中的氮磷等元素。各种污染物的净化效果受系统内部和外部条件影响,主要包括：污染负荷、系统宽度、植被类型、水文地质、土壤条件等因素。     

滨河湿地土壤微生物数量及多样性研究

对黄河湿地孟津段不同土地利用类型和自然湿地不同植被群落分层检测了微生物数量,并通过计算其辛普生指数分析了其微生物多样性。结果表明:受滨河湿地发育与演替的差异影响,不同土地类型和自然湿地不同植被群落土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌总数和辛普森多样性指数差异较大;林地和河滩土壤0～5cm层细菌数量最多,麦地中5～10cm层最多;麦田和林地5～10cm层放线菌数量最高,河滩0～5cm层最大;随着采样深度的增加,河滩土壤放线菌及林地土壤真菌数量减少。     

常用缓冲溶液对解草唑水解的催化效应研究

研究了温度、pH值以及常用缓冲溶液对解草唑水解的影响.结果表明.解草唑在不同pH值和温度下的水解遵循一级动力学反应,其水解速率随着pH和温度的升高而增大.利用Bronsted酸碱催化理论推导了所用缓冲溶液对解草唑水解的影响,结果表明缓冲溶液对解草唑水解存在明显的催化作用,加快了解草唑的水解速率.而且不同缓冲盐体系的缓冲催化能力也不同,同一缓冲盐体系在不同pH值条件下的缓冲催化能力也不同.其中pH=7的磷酸盐缓冲溶液表现出最大的催化作用.通过建立基于缓冲因子校正的以温度和pH值为变量的方程,预测了模拟天然水体中解草唑的水解半减期,结果表明其水解半减期为7～790 d.液相色谱.质谱分析表明,在碱性条件下(pH 8-10),解草唑通过乙酸乙酯基团水解生成解草唑酸.     

滨岸缓冲带在水源地农业面源污染防治上的应用

饮用水水源地污染已成为全球共同遭遇的重大环境问题之一,为保证人们的饮用水安全,有必要对进入水源地内的农业面源污染进行防治。滨岸缓冲带能够有效的防治农业面源污染已经得到广泛的认可,并在水源地保护上有一定的应用前景。文章综述了缓冲带的定义、结构、功能以及农业面源污染防治方面的应用等基础上,提出了我国滨岸缓冲带在饮用水源地保护中的应用前景。