强化预处理人工湿地的研究

本文采用自主设计的强化预处理人工湿地装置进行处理低浓度农村生活污水的研究,针对人工湿地堵塞问题,考察了运用强化预处理装置(海绵装置和滤布装置)对污水进行预处理来预防湿地的堵塞,并且在水力停留时间为1d的工况下,研究了湿地装置对污水的净化效果.结果表明:运用强化预处理装置后,不仅能有效防止湿地堵塞而且不影响湿地对污水的净化效果,强化预处理湿地装置对CODCr、SS、NH4+-N、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为67.14％,90.39％,64.12％,70.13％和67.98％,出水CODCr、SS、NH4+-N、TN、TP均可满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》 (GB18918-2002)的一级B要求,在我国广大农村地区的分散式污水处理中具有良好的应用前景.     

人工湿地净化河道水质的研究进展

人工湿地是近年来国内外应用较多、发展较快的一种污水处理技术,本文从国内外人工湿地净化河水的技术应用出发,列举了人工湿地处理河水污染的效果和优势,并对湿地净化河水效率影响较大的湿地植物、填料、气候条件以及湿地构造4个因素进行了比较、分析和总结,最后对人工湿地净化河道水质进行了展望。     

Modeling the e ects of constructed wetland on nonpoint source pollution control and reservoir water quality improvement

This article describes the integrated modeling approach for planning the size and the operation of constructed wetlands for maximizing retention of nonpoint source pollutant loads and reservoir water-quality improvement at a catchment scale. The experimental field-scale wetland systems (four sets, 0.88 ha each) have been in operation since 2002, where water depth was maintained at 30–50 cm and hydraulic loading rate was at 6.3–18.8 cm/day. The wetland system was found to be adequate for treating polluted stream water with stable removal e ciency even during the winter. The integrated modeling system (modified-BASINS) was applied to the Seokmoon estuarine reservoir watershed and calibrated with monitoring data from constructed wetland, stream, and reservoir. The calibrated integrated modeling system estimated that constructing wetlands on 0.5% (about 114 ha) of the watershed area at the mouth of reservoir could reduce 11.61% and 13.49% of total external nitrogen and phosphorus loads, respectively. It also might improve the nitrogen and phosphorus concentration of the reservoir by 9.69% and 16.48%, respectively. The study suggested that about 0.1%–1.0% of the watershed area should be allocated for constructed wetland to meet specified water-quality standards for the estuarine reservoir at the polder area where land use planning is relatively less complicated.     

Characteristics of contaminants in water and sediment of a constructed wetland treating piggery wastewater effluent

Constructed wetland (CW) is the preferred means of controlling water quality because of its natural treatment mechanisms and function as a secondary or tertiary treatment unit. CW is increasingly applied in Korea for secondary effluent of livestock wastewater treatment. This study was conducted to recognize the characteristics of contaminants in the accumulated sediment at the bottom soil layer and to reduce the phosphorus release from sediments of the free water surface CW for the treatment of secondary piggery wastewater effluent from a livestock wastewater treatment facility. The results revealed that the dominant phosphorus existence types at near the inlet of the CW were non-apatite phosphorus (59%) and residual phosphorus (32%) suggesting that most of the particles of the influent are made up of inorganic materials and dead cells. Sediment accumulation is important when determining the long-term maintenance requirements over the lifetime of CW. Continuous monitoring will be performed for a further assessment of the CW system and design.     

规模化人工湿地的温室气体释放通量

基于规模化人工湿地工程——武河湿地的野外原位监测试验,采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了人工湿地中温室气体(N₂O、CH₄和CO₂)释放特征与规律. 结果表明,武河湿地工程的N₂O和CH₄平均释放通量分别为14.35和35.54 mg/(m2·d),表现为N₂O、CH₄的释放源,但其释放通量低于城市污水处理厂;湿地(主要包括水体和土壤生物呼吸)的CO₂平均释放通量为2 889.4 mg/(m2·d). 人工湿地沿程N₂O、CH₄和CO₂释放特征有所不同,平均释放通量呈先升后降规律,在布水渠处N₂O释放通量最大,为51.92 mg/(m2·d);而6#溢流堰处CH₄释放通量最大,为182.03 mg/(m2·d). 人工湿地中温室气体释放亦具有明显的季节变化规律,表现为春夏季高于秋冬季.      

Nitrogen cycling of atmosphere-plant-soft system in the typical Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China

The nitrogen(N)distribution and cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (TMCW)and marsh meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland(MMCW)in the Sanjiang plain were studied by a compartment model.The results showed that the N wet deposition amount was 0.757 gN/(m~2.a),and total inorganic N(TIN)was the main body (0.640 gN/(m~2.a)).The ammonia volatilization amounts of TMCW and MMCW soils in growing season were 0.635 and 0.687 gN/m~2, and the denitrification gaseous lost amounts were 0.617 and 0.405 gN/m~2,respectively.In plant subsystem,the N was mainly stored in root and litter.Soil organic N was the main N storage of the two plant-soil systems and the proportions of it were 93.98% and 92.16%, respectively.The calculation results of N turnovers among compartments of TMCW and MMCW showed that the uptake amounts of root were 23.02 and 28.18 gN/(m~2.a)and the values of aboveground were 11.31 and 6.08 gN/(m~2.a),the re-translocation amounts from aboveground to root were 5.96 and 2.70 gN/(m~2.a),the translocation amounts from aboveground living body to litter were 5.35 and 3.38 gN/(m~2.a),the translocation amounts from litter to soil were larger than 1.55 and 3.01 gN/(m~2.a),the translocation amounts from root to soil were 14.90 and 13.17 gN/(m~2.a),and the soil(0-15 cm)N net mineralization amounts were 1.94 and 0.55 gN/(m~2.a), respectively.The study of N balance indicated that the two plant-soil systems might be situated in the status of lacking N,and the status might induce the degradation of C.angustifolia wetland.     

20世纪80年代以来挠力河流域湿地景观变化过程研究

挠力河流域面积为241.67×104hm₂。其自然条件决定了该流域具有极丰富的湿地生物多样性。从1980年以来,由于经济的快速发展,该流域湿地景观和土地利用发生了显著的变化。自然湿地资源从1982年的53.32×104hm₂变成2000年的17.17×104hm₂,减少了67.8%;而水田面积却增加了38.5倍,同时,旱田面积也大幅度增加。该文利用遥感和GIS技术,对近20年来该流域湿地景观变化过程进行时空定量分析;并结合流域土地利用/土地覆盖类型的动态变化,探讨流域在经济快速发展中土地利用与湿地之间的演化规律及其对湿地的影响机制。     

模拟秋茄湿地系统中Pb的分配与迁移

在温室中建立模拟秋茄湿地系统,分别用3种不同浓度的人工污水每周定时定量对模拟系统进行污灌1年,用以研究Pb在系统中的分配与迁移。结果表明：加入系统的Pb主要分配存留在土壤中,很少迁移到植物体和掉落物中。由于红树植物的拒盐机制以及被秋茄吸收的Pb主要积累在非生理活动区,表明秋茄幼苗对Pb具较强抗性。同时,应用物质平衡模型,计算得土壤子系统Pb的环境容量较大,因此整个模拟系统对Pb污染的承受力较大。     

广东省土地利用驱动下红树林潜在生境预测

为探索土地利用变化对红树林潜在生境分布的影响,融合MaxEnt模型和Dyna-CLUE模型,建立了土地利用驱动下红树林生境变化的定量预测方法.以中国红树林分布面积最大的广东省作为研究区,利用MaxEnt模型模拟红树林在自然条件下的理论适生区,采用Dyna-CLUE模型预测2030年的三种土地利用变化情景,最后将模拟的土地利用格局作为限制条件估算未来可供红树林生境分布的空间.结果表明,2020年广东省红树林潜在生境面积约34531hm²,2030年趋势情景下湿地将减少58.61%,红树林潜在生境面积将退化至24375hm²;可持续发展情景下通过改进土地利用策略并开展一定规模的退塘还湿,红树林潜在生境面积将增加至38125hm²;生态保护情景下,如能开展全面的生态保护和恢复,红树林潜在生境面积可达到47525hm².本研究的研究方法可有效预测不同海岸带土地利用驱动下红树林潜在生境的空间变化.研究结果发现,不同土地利用政策会对红树林潜在生境分布造成明显影响;通过改进政策,可显著提升红树林潜在生境的面积和完整性.本结论可为区域红树林保护与生境修复的空间规划及政策制定等提供科学支持.     

广东汕头海岸湿地鸟类群落与多样性的研究

对广东汕头海岸湿地的鸟类资源进行了调查，共记录鸟类100种，隶属15日31科，其中古北界鸟类43种，东洋界鸟类45种，广布种鸟类12种。区系组成呈南北鸟类混杂分布，鸟类的多样性表现出明显季节性。该湿地有国家二级重点保护鸟类10种，中日候鸟保护协定名录中的鸟类43种。5个湿地样区主要鸟类种类和数量的调查结果表明，汕头海岸湿地是水鸟类重要的越冬栖息场，鸟类群落多样性指数以三屿围和六合围两个样区较高，分别为3．2306和3．2283；濠江口的多样性指数较低，为1．98l。群落多样性指数的高低主要受物种数量和各物种数量均匀度的影响。文章还提出了对鸟类资源保护和管理的建议。