我国新经济开发区水环境规划研究

本义分析了我国新经济开发区水环境规划的特点，提出了规划研究的内容、步骤和方法，给出了水环境承载力的概念和定量方法，并且确定规划方案中的水环境承载力，以此作为协调水环境保护与社会经济发展的理论依据。文中以本溪市经济开发区为例，在综合分析的基础上，制定出开发区水环境综合防治规划，并做了供选方案的费用－效益分析和可行性论证，最后，计算分析了各规划方案的水环境承载力的综合值。     

Impact of urbanization on hydrochemical evolution of groundwater and on unsaturated-zone gas composition in the coastal city of Tel Aviv, Israel

The coastal city of Tel Aviv was founded at the beginning of the 20th century. The number of its inhabitants and its water consumption increased rapidly. This study analyses a 15-year record (1934-1948) of pre-industrial development of groundwater chemistry in the urban area. Archive data on concentrations of major ions, dissolved gases (CO2 and O2), organic matter, and pH were available for each half-year during the period of 1934-1948. The major factors causing changes in the chemistry of groundwater flowing in three sandy sub-aquifers have been seawater encroachment due to overpumping, and infiltration of effluents from pit-latrine collectors. Influence of these factors decreases with depth. Landward-penetrating seawater passed through clayey coastal sediments, interbedded among sands and calcareous sandstones, and spread into the Kurkar Group aquifer. This has led to exchange of sodium (dominant in seawater) with calcium adsorbed on clay particles, enriching groundwater with calcium. Intensity of cation exchange decreases inland and with depth. Infiltration of pit-latrine effluents has introduced large amounts of ammonium into the unsaturated zone. Its rapid oxidation in unsaturated sediments has caused massive nitrate production, accompanied by pore-water acidification. This process induces dissolution of vadose carbonate, resulting in enrichment of groundwater recharge in calcium. Anthropogenically induced dissolution of calcite in the unsaturated zone has been the major factor for the increase of Ca2+ concentration in groundwater, accounting for about 80% of this increase. In the interface zone, an additional 20% of calcium has been supplied by cation exchange. Owing to pH increase caused by denitrification in the aquifer, Ca(2+)-rich waters supersaturated with calcite could be formed, especially in the capillary fringe of the uppermost sub-aquifer, which could induce calcite precipitation and ultimately lead to the cementation of sandy aquifers. Urban development has caused drastic changes in the gas content in the unsaturated zone and in groundwater. Carbon dioxide was intensively generated by nitrification-denitrification processes, by hydration of urea, to a lesser degree by oxidation of organic matter, and probably by anoxic biodegradation of organics. Between 1934 and 1948, concentrations of CO2 in unsaturated sediment air rose from 3.2% to 7.6%. In the unsaturated zone, oxygen consumption for oxidation of ammonium and organic matter lowered O2 concentrations in sediment air to unusually low values of 3.9-12.9%. Nitrification in the urban unsaturated zone could thus serve as a pump, sucking in atmospheric oxygen at a rate of about 0.3-0.5 g m-2 day-1. The extreme concentrations of CO2 and O2 in unsaturated sediments have been preserved due to production and consumption of gas under conditions of diminishing areas open to the atmosphere, uncovered by buildings and by roads.     

Migration of contaminants through the unsaturated zone overlying the Hesbaye chalky aquifer in Belgium: a field investigation

This paper presents the results of a detailed field investigation that was performed for studying groundwater recharge processes and solute downward migration mechanisms prevailing in the unsaturated zone overlying a chalk aquifer in Belgium. Various laboratory measurements were performed on core samples collected during the drilling of boreholes in the experimental site. In the field, experiments consisted of well logging, infiltration tests in the unsaturated zone, pumping tests in the saturated zone and tracer tests in both the saturated and unsaturated zones. Results show that gravitational flows govern groundwater recharge and solute migration mechanisms in the unsaturated zone. In the variably saturated chalk, the migration and retardation of solutes is strongly influenced by recharge conditions. Under intense injection conditions, solutes migrate at high speed along the partially saturated fissures, downward to the saturated zone. At the same time, they are temporarily retarded in the almost immobile water located in the chalk matrix. Under normal recharge conditions, fissures are inactive and solutes migrate slowly through the chalk matrix. Results also show that concentration dynamics in the saturated zone are related to fluctuations of groundwater levels in the aquifer. A conceptual model is proposed to explain the hydrodispersive behaviour of the variably saturated chalk. Finally, the vulnerability of the chalk to contamination issues occurring at the land surface is discussed.     

Preliminary 3-D site-scale studies of radioactive colloid transport in the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain,Nevada

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is actively investigating the technical feasibility of permanent disposal of high-level nuclear waste in a repository to be situated in the unsaturated zone (UZ) at Yucca Mountain (YM), Nevada. In this study we investigate, by means of numerical simulation, the transport of radioactive colloids under ambient conditions from the potential repository horizon to the water table. The site hydrology and the effects of the spatial distribution of hydraulic and transport properties in the Yucca Mountain subsurface are considered. The study of migration and retardation of colloids accounts for the complex processes in the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain, and includes advection, diffusion, hydrodynamic dispersion, kinetic colloid filtration, colloid straining, and radioactive decay. The results of the study indicate that the most important factors affecting colloid transport are the subsurface geology and site hydrology, i.e., the presence of faults (they dominate and control transport), fractures (the main migration pathways), and the relative distribution of zeolitic and vitric tuffs. The transport of colloids is strongly influenced by their size (as it affects diffusion into the matrix, straining at hydrogeologic unit interfaces, and transport velocity) and by the parameters of the kinetic-filtration model used for the simulations. Arrival times at the water table decrease with an increasing colloid size because of smaller diffusion, increased straining, and higher transport velocities. The importance of diffusion as a retardation mechanism increases with a decreasing colloid size, but appears to be minimal in large colloids.     

基于地理加权回归的NO2排放预测模型

为了探究影响NO2排放的交通相关因素,以交通分析小区为基本单位,提取了美国洛杉矶城市的人口特征、道路网络特征、交通状况等数据,采用地理加权回归模型(GWR)分析各交通相关因素对NO2排放的影响,从而建立交通小区NO2排放预测模型。结果表明,交通小区路网密度、交通小区机动车吸引量、通勤时间在30~60 min的工作人数与NO2的排放呈正相关,表明3种影响因素的增加会造成NO2排放的增加;而交通小区在家工作的人数、慢行交通(步行、自行车等绿色出行方式)吸引量与NO2的排放呈负相关,表明适当鼓励在家工作的新型办公方式、鼓励居民出行选择慢行交通,能有效减少交通小区NO2的排放。     

武汉城市圈城市用地扩张对经济增长贡献度的动态研究——“两型社会”试验区设置前后的比较

运用索洛余值法量化测度武汉城市圈"两型社会"试验区设置前后(2000~2006年和2007~2012年)各县区的TEP以及资本、劳动、土地、中间投入品等生产要素供给对经济增长的贡献度,为促进武汉城市圈供给侧结构性改革及提升土地要素产出效率提供参考。结果显示:武汉城市圈经济发展主要依靠资本、劳动等生产要素的投入以及技术进步,土地扩张对经济增长的影响相对较低,中间投入品的影响微弱;武汉城市圈"两型社会"实验区的规划设置提升了土地要素供给对经济发展的贡献率,城市土地扩张的产出效率有所增强,但在要素投入中仍显微弱、增幅较小,ΔES与ΔTEP的差距与对应区域产业结构对土地投入的依赖性呈反比。研究发现:武汉城市圈在经济发展中需要继续推进技术革新,加大对劳动力素质的培训及优质人才的吸引,促进经济增长方式由粗放转向集约;大力推行政策扶持以提高土地对经济的参与程度,以城市圈为整体统筹规划城市用地的供给,根据区域产业结构和资源优势制定差别化的土地供给与经济发展政策,从"供给侧改革"出发在作用原理及机制上集约利用土地。     

浙江省生态功能区划研究

在浙江省生态环境现状调查的基础上,运用GIS等先进技术,采用定性与定量相结合的方法,对浙江省生态环境现状、生态环境敏感性和生态服务功能重要性进行评价,形成浙江省生态功能区划方案,将浙江省划分为6个生态区、15个生态亚区、47个生态功能区,并确定了具有重要生态系统服务功能的5个重要生态功能区域.区划成果为浙江生态省建设规划的实施、资源的合理利用和工农业生产合理布局提供了科学依据.     

磁河流域污染物在包气带中赋存规律研究

通过对河北平原磁河流域包气带不同深度取样并对污染物含量的测定 ,确定了主要污染物及其在包气带中的分布规律。结果表明 :包气带可以将有机质吸附、降解 ;Cr(Ⅵ )和Cl-迁移能力强 ;SO4 2 -浓度较低 ;NH4 -N虽然在包气带中能够得到一定的降解 ,但由于其浓度较高 ,降解不完全 ,可能已对包气带构成污染     

Mapping legal authority for terrestrial conservation corridors along streams

Wildlife corridors aim to promote species’ persistence by connecting habitat patches across fragmented landscapes. Their implementation is limited by patterns of land ownership and complicated by differences in the jurisdictional and regulatory authorities under which lands are managed. Terrestrial corridor conservation requires coordination across jurisdictions and sectors subject to site-specific overlapping sources of legal authority. Mapping spatial patterns of legal authority concurrent with habitat condition can illustrate opportunities to build or leverage capacity for connectivity conservation. Streamside areas provide pragmatic opportunities to leverage existing policy mechanisms for riverine and terrestrial habitat connectivity across boundaries. Conservation planners and practitioners can make use of these opportunities by harmonizing actions for multiple conservation outcomes. We formulated an integrative, data-driven method for mapping multiple sources of legal authority weighted by capacity for coordinating terrestrial habitat conservation along streams. We generated a map of capacity to coordinate streamside corridor protections across a wildlife habitat gap to demonstrate this approach. We combined values representing coordination capacity and naturalness to generate an integrated legal-ecological resistance map for connectivity modeling. We then computed least-cost corridors across the integrated map, masking the terrestrial landscape to focus on streamside areas. Streamside least-cost corridors in the integrated, local-scale model diverged (∼25 km) from national-scale least-cost corridors based on naturalness. Spatial categories comparing legal- and naturalness-based resistance values by stream reach highlighted potential locations for building or leveraging existing capacity through spatial coordination of policy mechanisms or restoration actions. Agencies or nongovernmental organizations intending to restore or maintain habitat connectivity across fragmented landscapes can use this approach to inform spatial prioritization and build coordination capacity. Article impact statement: Combined mapping of legal authority and habitat condition reveals capacity to coordinate actions along streams for clean water and wildlife.     

三峡库区消落带土壤淹水过程中汞的释放及甲基化特征

为探索三峡库区消落带土壤淹水期汞的环境化学行为,利用模拟试验,设置A(15℃,低溶解氧(DO))、B(30℃,低DO)、C(15℃,高DO)3组处理,在人工气候培养箱中进行消落带土壤淹水过程中汞的释放与甲基化特征研究,淹水试验共进行了40 d.结果表明,淹水初期(0—10 d)土壤汞呈释放趋势,A、B、C等3组处理水体中总汞浓度逐渐增加,而土壤中总汞含量相应降低;随淹水时间的延长(10 d),二者达到平衡.淹水后,A、B、C处理上覆水甲基汞浓度随淹水时间的延长而升高,且分别在第15天、第8天、第15天达到峰值,第30天基本达到平衡;土壤甲基汞含量随淹水时间的延长而增高,并在第30天达到平衡,平衡时土壤及上覆水甲基汞浓度规律均表现为BAC.土壤-上覆水系统温度的适当升高利于土壤汞的释放及甲基化;高溶解氧利于土壤汞的释放,低溶解氧则更利于汞的甲基化.