三峡水库蓄水后开县消落带植物群落数量分析

为了解三峡水库蓄水后消落带植物群落的特征,于2008年7-9月对重庆市开县消落带进行现场调查,并应用双向指示种分析法(TWINSPAN)和除趋势对应分析法(DCA)对三峡水库156 m蓄水后消落带植物群落进行数量分类和排序.结果表明,TWINSPAN将170个样方划分为19类,其中具代表性的主要植物群落为水蓼(Po-lygonum hydropiper)群落、苍耳+狗牙根(Xanthium mongolicum+Cynodo dactylon)群落、苍耳(X.mongolicum)群落、双穗雀稗(Paspalum paspaeoides)群落和白茅(Imperata cylindrical)群落,反映了因海拔变化(145～156 m)而导致的淹水时间的差异.DCA排序结果显示,淹水时间、土壤湿度和土壤质地是消落带植物群落组成和空间分布的主要限制性影响因子.     

某工业区夏季环境空气质量变化的小波分析

小波分析可以分解出时-频信号,因此适用于对时变信号的局部分析.基于此,小波分析已在包括环境科学等多个领域中得到广泛应用.运用Daubenchies小波,对某工业区2002年和2004年夏季环境空气中SO2浓度进行了分析.结果表明,引起该工业区2004年夏季SO2浓度上升的主导因素是大范围时空尺度环境空气质量的变化;而该工业区内部局地污染源的污染贡献率下降,表明其环境综合整治取得了成效.     

浙江近岸海域环境功能区质量状况分析

根据浙江省舟山海洋生态环境监测站多年资料,对浙江省近岸海域环境功能区达标趋势及影响因素进行分析。结果表明,2009年浙江近岸海域环境功能区平水期、丰水期、枯水期达标面积分别为9541、10715、842km2,全年达标面积7333km2,占所监测海域面积的16.4%。浙江省近岸海域环境功能区水质达标的主要超标指标为无机氮和活性磷酸盐,另有部分区域溶解氧、化学需氧量、pH指标超标。整个杭州湾水体处于严重富营养化水平,象山湾和泗礁-大衢-岱山岛以西的舟山海域处于中度富营养化水平。东经122度以东的舟山海域及浙中南近岸海域处于轻度富营养或贫营养水平,2002年以来浙江近岸海域水体的富营养化程度逐步下降。2001—2004年近岸海域环境功能区达标率均低于3%,达标区主要分布在舟山海域,2005年开始达标区域扩展到温州海域,"十一五"以来浙江省近岸海域环境功能区水质达标率呈增加趋势。     

Heavy metals of natural and reclaimed tidal riparian wetlands in south estuary, China

The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in two plant species (Scirpus tripueter Linn. and Cyperus malaccensis Lam.), water, and soils sampled from the reclaimed tidal riparian wetlands (RTRWs) and the natural riparian wetlands (NRWs) in the Pearl River estuary (PRE), were analyzed to investigate and compare their distribution and accumulation. The results show that the concentrations of the six studied heavy metals in soils exceed the eco-toxic threshold recommended by USEPA. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, and Zn in plants may lead to toxic effects compared to others.The hydraulic conditions and the degree of human disturbances can affect the heavy metal accumulation in RTRWs and NRWs. The heavy metal concentrations in water are higher whereas they are lower in soils of RTRWs Compared with that in the NRWs. The accumulation of heavy metals in the roots of plants is higher in NRWs than those in RTRWs while the opposite result is found for heavy metal accumulation in shoots. Based on the bioaccumulation and translocation factors, the plants in NRWs have the higher capacity to accumulate heavy metals, while higher abilities to transport heavy metals from roots to shoots are observed in RTRWs. Heavy metal contaminations in RTRWs are dominated by anthropogenic sources from both side uplands and river water, whereas in NRWs, the metal accumulations are simultaneously affected by anthropogenic and natural factors.     

三峡库区消落带土壤淹水过程中汞的释放及甲基化特征

为探索三峡库区消落带土壤淹水期汞的环境化学行为,利用模拟试验,设置A(15℃,低溶解氧(DO))、B(30℃,低DO)、C(15℃,高DO)3组处理,在人工气候培养箱中进行消落带土壤淹水过程中汞的释放与甲基化特征研究,淹水试验共进行了40 d.结果表明,淹水初期(0—10 d)土壤汞呈释放趋势,A、B、C等3组处理水体中总汞浓度逐渐增加,而土壤中总汞含量相应降低;随淹水时间的延长(10 d),二者达到平衡.淹水后,A、B、C处理上覆水甲基汞浓度随淹水时间的延长而升高,且分别在第15天、第8天、第15天达到峰值,第30天基本达到平衡;土壤甲基汞含量随淹水时间的延长而增高,并在第30天达到平衡,平衡时土壤及上覆水甲基汞浓度规律均表现为BAC.土壤-上覆水系统温度的适当升高利于土壤汞的释放及甲基化;高溶解氧利于土壤汞的释放,低溶解氧则更利于汞的甲基化.     

阜阳城区水体浮游动物群落周年结构特征及其与水质的关系

于2011年3月到2012年2月逐月对阜阳城区几条主要河流：颍河（A）、泉河（B）、西城河（C）、东城河（D）、南城河（E）、西清河（F）、中清河（G）、东清河（H）及三角洲（I）水体进行设点采样,研究各水体浮游动物的结构特征及多样性水平,并分析了各水体浮游动物的生物量与相应水体主要水质指标的相关关系。结果表明：浮游动物密度在各水体一年中出现两个高峰,分别在4—5月和10月,生物量也有两个高峰,分别比相应密度高峰晚一个月左右;这些高峰与水质指标具有相伴关系;各水体浮游动物生物量与相应水体主要水质指标（CODCr,、BOD、DO、TP、NH。-N）具有显著的相关关系。因此,阜阳城区各水体浮游动物生物量与水体污染程度有一定关系,可根据浮游动物生物量来判别相应水体水质,但鉴于水生态环境的复杂性,在监测水质时,其它生物因子也应综合考虑。     

Changes in Avian and Plant Communities of Aspen Woodlands over 12 Years after Livestock Removal in the Northwestern Great Basin

Abstract: Riparian and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) woodlands are centers of avian abundance and diversity in the western United States, but they have been affected adversely by land use practices, particularly livestock grazing. In 1990, cattle were removed from a 112,500‐ha national wildlife refuge in southeastern Oregon. Thereafter, we monitored changes in vegetation and bird abundance in years 1–3 (phase 1) and 10–12 (phase 2) in 17 riparian and 9 snow‐pocket aspen plots. On each 1.5‐ha plot, we sampled vegetation in 6 transects. Three times during each breeding season, observers recorded all birds 50 m to each side of the plot's 150‐m centerline for 25 minutes. We analyzed data with multivariate analysis of variance and paired t tests with p values adjusted for multiple comparisons. In both periods, riparian and snow‐pocket aspen produced extensive regeneration of new shoots ( stems/ha and 7079 stems/ha, respectively). By phase 2, a 64% increase in medium‐diameter trees in riparian stands indicated successful recruitment into the overstory, but this pattern was not seen in snow‐pocket stands, where the density of trees was over 2 times greater. By phase 2 in riparian and snow‐pocket stands, native forb cover had increased by 68% and 57%, respectively, mesic shrub cover had increased by 29% and 58%, and sagebrush cover had decreased by 24% and 31%. Total avian abundance increased by 33% and 39% in riparian and snow‐pocket aspen, respectively, ground or understory nesters increased by 133% and 67% and overstory nesters increased by 34% and 33%. Similarly, ground or understory foragers increased by 25% and 32%, aerial foragers by 55% and 57%, and overstory foragers by 66% and 43%. We interpreted the substantial regeneration of aspen shoots, increased densities of riparian forbs and shrubs, and increased avian abundances as a multitrophic‐level response to the total removal of livestock and as substantial movement toward recovery of biological integrity.     

长白山区公路对路域植物物种组成及多样性的影响

采用样线法对长白山区公路旁天然次生林和原始阔叶林的植物物种组成及多样性进行调查。分别选取具有代表性的两个试验点,在公路两侧且其垂直走向布设3条相互平行的样线,间隔5m。在样线上布设样点,调查的生态因子包括光强、温度及湿度;样方调查分为灌木和草本样方,分别记录种类、高度、盖度、株数。根据公路两侧生态因子、灌草植物组成及多样性变化情况,分析公路建设的生态影响。结果表明：（1）随着离公路距离的增加,光照、温度、湿度等环境因子呈现规律性变化,距离公路10m的位置是生态因子变化从剧烈到缓和的转折点;（2）公路建设对植物组成产生影响,随着离公路距离的增加,呈现从喜光植物到耐阴植物的变化,0～20m之间是优势种变化较剧烈的范围,而10m之内和20m之外样方之间优势种变化不大;（3）受路域环境因子改变的影响,公路建设对沿线植物的多样性影响包括正负两种,既增加了路域植物的多样性,同时也破坏了原生植被群落的稳定性;（4）从长白山区公路对草本、灌木植物组成及生物多样性影响的范围和程度来看,草本的影响范围超过20m,灌木的影响范围达到10m,影响范围：草本灌木。随着与公路距离的增加,公路对植物组成及多样性的影响程度降低。     

包气带不同深度土壤对甲苯和三氯乙烯的吸附研究

采用批实验研究了华北平原地下水中检出率较高的三氯乙烯和甲苯在沿污水河包气带不同深度土壤中的吸附情况。从3个地点分析结果来看,其中有机碳（OC）的质量分数均较低（最高为1.01%）。在河床和近河处土壤对甲苯和三氯乙烯的吸附总体上呈现出浅部土壤吸附性强的特点。在实验浓度范围内,土壤中无机矿物对有机污染物（特别是三氯乙烯）的表面吸附扮演了重要角色。土壤对甲苯的吸附表现出了强烈的非线性,而对三氯乙烯的吸附表现出了良好的线性关系。甲苯的吸附与土壤有机碳质量分数的关系要比三氯乙烯更密切,这说明了吸附作用过程与有机化合物的分子结构、疏水性等方面的性质也有关系。     

有风条件下室内火灾自然排烟模型试验研究

采用缩尺度试验方法对有风条件下室内火灾自然排烟过程准稳态进行研究,分析不同补气口、排烟口位置和风向对排烟效果的影响。试验结果表明:将补气口设在迎风面,排烟口设在背风面或侧风面时将获得比没有环境风时更好的自然排烟效果;而在其他情况下,环境风将通过减小排烟口处内外压差以及对室内烟气层产生扰动来降低自然排烟效果。在设置建筑自然排烟系统时,应综合考虑火灾具体情况以及当地风速条件,选择对自然排烟有利的排烟口与补气口位置组合,以提高自然排烟的效果。