黄土高原丘陵沟壑区坡面-沟道系统中的高含沙水流(Ⅰ)--地貌因素与重力侵蚀的影响

以黄河中游多沙粗沙区子洲径流站和离石王家沟试验站的径流场观测资料为基础,对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区坡沟系统中高含沙水流特征与地貌因素及重力侵蚀的关系进行了研究.研究结果表明,黄土坡面的地貌垂直结构和由此所决定的侵蚀作用垂直分异,对坡面高含沙水流的形成有很大的影响,高含沙水流形成于峁坡下部和沟坡,并在各级沟道中进一步发展.坡度对高含沙水流的形成有较大影响,如果侵蚀过程以溅蚀、面蚀、细沟侵蚀为主,不发生切沟及显著的重力侵蚀,则存在着一个坡度临界值,大于此值后,含沙量反而减小.重力侵蚀对坡沟系统高含沙水流的形成起着十分重要的作用,由于强烈的重力侵蚀的参与,高含沙水流的沙峰滞后于洪峰,落水阶段的含沙量常常大于同流量下涨水阶段的含沙量.     

解毒铬渣安全性研究

用扫描电镜、比表面测定仪、X-射线衍射仪测定了铬渣及解毒铬渣的表面形貌、比表面及物相组成。在模拟环境条件下对解毒铬渣进行了浸出毒性试验,结果表明,解毒铬渣在环境条件下是安全的。      

北京地区稻田上空甲烷浓度的监测

通过对北京地区稻田种植上空甲烷浓度持续２ａ的观测发现,该地区大气中１９９２和１９９３年甲烷的年平均浓度１．１６,１．１７μｇ／Ｌ,且季节性变化规律以及年际变化规律有比较的趋势,一年中当地上空甲烷的浓度呈明显的冬春低夏秋高的趋势,且夏季甲烷浓度的变化幅度比较大。该地区甲烷浓度的日变化趋势不明显。在水稻期内的７、８月莘,稻上空甲烷浓度和水稻甲烷排放速率有密切的关系,动态分析表明,该地区大气中甲烷浓度年     

Field Comparison of two NO2 Passive Samplers to Assess Spatial Variation

Two-week average NO₂ concentrations were measured in Amsterdam (NL), Huddersfield (UK) and Prague (CZ) at 80 sites in each study area, to assess small area spatial variation, using a tube type and a badge type passive sampler. The badges appeared to be less robust than the tubes. The lower detection limit for tubes and badges was 3.7 and 0.91 µg/m³, respectively for fortnightly measurements. Accuracy of the samplers was determined with reference methods (chemiluminescence). The mean ratio of the concentration measured by diffusion tube over that by the reference method was 1.16, 1.03 and 0.77 in Amsterdam, Huddersfield and Prague, respectively. Standardizing the badges for the results obtained in Amsterdam, the relative mean ratio of the concentration measured by the badges over that by the reference method was 0.95 and 0.58 in Huddersfield and Prague, respectively. NO₂ concentrations measured by the two designs did not differ significantly. Mean NO₂ concentrations were 36, 26 and 22 µg/m³ in Amsterdam, Huddersfield and Prague, respectively. The precision of duplicate tubes and badges was 8% and 11%, respectively. Both samplers are suitable for determining real variation in small area NO₂ concentrations in the ranges which occurred. It is concluded that low-cost, simple NO₂ passive samplers can provide reliable information about variation in NO₂ concentrations within urban or rural areas on a small spatial scale. Based on its robustness and its precision, tubes were preferred over badges.     

基于三维图像分析的浮力扩散火焰几何与辐射特性研究

火焰几何特性和辐射特性是刻画火灾规模及其危害的重要参量。利用三维火焰重构技术,获取了丙烷浮力扩散火焰的火焰高度、表面积、体积和火焰面元视角系数的变化规律。结果表明,三维重构的火焰能够表征真实火焰形态的动态变化。平均火焰表面积和体积均可较好地拟合为热释放速率的幂函数,火焰表面积热释放速率随火焰热释放速率的增加趋于常数。平均火焰高度、表面积和体积与火焰外部平均辐射热流之间具有较好的幂函数关系,且拟合指数随着与火源距离的增大而减小。此外,将点源、圆柱辐射模型和火焰面元积分方法得到的辐射计算值与辐射测量值进行比较,发现火焰面元积分方法能够更好地预测火焰外围的瞬时和平均辐射热流分布。     

Review of China’s policy and management system for the paid use of sea area

As a carrier to develop various marine resources, sea area is regulated as a kind of important resources through legislation by many coastal countries with a management system for the paid use of sea area. Since the early 1990s, China has begun to implement the paid use and formed an institutional system comprised of three levels after developing it for more than two decades. From 2002 to 2015, the Chinese Government transferred the use right of sea area of 33,910 km² by paid use and levied a total of 75.89 billion CNY (11.328 billion US dollars) of sea area use payment. Apart from this, the Government has gained rich experience in operating and managing the compensable use of sea area. After retrospectively analyzing the development history of paid use of China’s sea area, the research presents an institutional structure and the implementation of the management system for the paid use of sea area and the main problems therein. On this basis, management policies and feasible policy suggestions are proposed. Research results from this study can provide available references for other developing countries and emerging economies to apply and improve native management system for the paid use of sea area.     

灾害多发地域社会关系网络建构路径的实证研究——以云南省大关县翠华镇为例

为了更好地构建典型灾害多发地域的社会关系网络,进而为相关应急管理工作提供支撑,采用灾害多发地域档案数据与问卷数据验证相结合的方法,提出灾害多发地域社会关系网络的建构路径;选取位于古滑坡带上的云南省大关县翠华镇为例进行说明,通过地理信息系统（Arcgis）分析当地档案数据与问卷获取数据的空间对象分布特征,并以问卷调查的局部数据验证相关档案数据的可靠性,最后,在翠华镇社会关系网络基础上,分析该灾害多发地域的应急预警信息传播特点,提出“分区域预警,以户为单位传播预警信息“的措施建议。研究结果表明:通过档案数据与问卷数据相结合方法构建灾害多发地域社会关系网络的方法可行,能够为相关应急管理措施提供参考和支撑。     

基于OP-FTIR的化工区空气特征污染实测方法研究

应用开放式傅里叶变换红外光谱分析仪(OP-FTIR)对华东地区某化工区周边空气特征污染进行了180 d连续在线监测,建立了污染特征分析、预警评估和污染溯源等体系化监测应用方法,匹配形成了近10项日常数据监控指标的质保质控体系和基于最小二乘法人机结合的谱图解析和数据生成体系,数据误差控制在20%以内。结果表明,通过180 d外场稳定监测,实现了超过40种区域特征污染因子库的建立和实时监控,掌握了乙烯和甲醇等10余种特征污染物的排放规律和主要来源。     

扎兰屯市声环境功能区划与管理控制措施及对策研究

本文依据规划指导原则、适时调整原则、协调一致原则、相邻适用区达标原则和国家《城市区域环境噪声适用区划技术规范》(GB/T15190-2014)中方法和要求,在扎兰屯市城市总体规划(2012-2030)的基础上,对扎兰屯市中心城区进行声环境功能区域划分,并提出了相应的声环境管理要求和城市噪声控制措施及对策。     

践行“两山”理论 促进农业农村绿色发展

分析、疏理习近平同志关于绿水青山就是金山银山的科学论断及主要内涵,深刻理解这一理念是对农业农村发展观的重大革命,为农业供给侧结构性改革指明了方向。树立和践行绿水青山就是金山银山的新发展理念,发挥其在农业农村绿色发展中的理论支撑作用,在转变农业生产方式和农民生活方式、调整农业产业结构、优化农村产业布局、催生新产业新业态、走“资源节约型、环境友好型”的绿色发展之路、建设美丽宜居乡村等方面具有指导意义。