树状河流突发污染事故源强确定方法研究

源强确定在突发污染事故的预警与应急过程中极为重要。本文针对树状河流的特性,将污染源搜索和源强反算的方法结合起来构建了树状河流突发污染事故源强确定的一般方法,并利于假设的突发污染事故情形对方法就行了评估。结果表明,监测数据的误差对计算结果的影响很大,源强的计算结果相比事故的地点与发生时间更为敏感。     

太原汾河景区跨桥断面水体污染的时空变化模式研究

选取太原汾河景区跨桥断面8个监测点,在2012年3月—2013年10月期间对河流8项水质参数进行监测,并结合派生的水体综合污染指数及主成分分析方法分析和评价景区水污染时空变化特征。结果表明,景区水质污染变化时空差异明显,上游污染相对较小,下游污染较重;春季溶解氧和p H值变化幅度最大,夏季除总氮和氨氮外,其他各污染物均有显著变化特征,秋季则以氨氮、总氮和总磷变化最为显著。主成分分析结果显示,虽然各监测点水体污染的关键影响因子不同,但总磷是太原市河流水体污染的共同解释因子。     

基于EFDC的长江常州段污水排江浓度场数值模拟

长江感潮河段水流与污染排放引起的浓度场复杂多变,基于EFDC(Environmental Fluid Dynamic Code)模型,采用正交曲线网格拟合自然河道边界,建立了长江常州段的水动力和水质模型。采用现场同步实测资料,与计算结果比对,证明该模型在水动力和水质两个方面都与实测数据吻合较好,满足了实际工程的需要;同时由于长江水流运动较快,一阶降解动力学已经满足了化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH3-N)和总磷(TP)浓度计算要求,可以不考虑它们复杂的生化反应过程。     

福州市城区内河引闽冲污后水质变化趋势及防治对策

简述了福州市城区内河河网结构特点和河网水文特征,对1994年-2003年福州城区内河的水质变化趋势进行了分析和评价。结果表明,自1998年福州市全面开始内河引水冲污工程后,内河水质得到了改善,有机污染得到缓解,基本消除了水体的黑臭现象。指出了在内河整治中存在的一些问题。提出,应优化引水方案,最大限度发挥效益;明确河段的使用功能,发挥其潜能;开展生物防治,建立良性循环的水生生态系统,对内河实施综合管理。     

城镇化下平原水系变化及河网连通性影响研究

针对平原区城镇化背景下水系减少及连通受阻等下垫面变化引起的洪涝加剧问题,综合考虑水系结构和水力特性等因素,建立满足行洪排涝需求的平原水系连通度量方法,并以浙东沿海平原河网区为例,分析了城镇化下平原水系特征变化及其对河网连通度的影响。结果表明:1近20a来研究区水系数量和结构复杂性均存在不同程度的衰减,河网密度和水面率分别减少20%和30%左右,水系尤其是低等级河道的减少导致河网结构趋于骨干化;2河网连通度受水面率等数量特征和水系空间连接结构的共同影响,在水系数量持续减少情况下,整个河网连通度呈现先减少后增加的趋势,说明了骨干河道工程对水系空间结构特征的优化,可缓解水系减弱对河网连通的负面效应;3建立的河网连通度方法合理反映了水系数量和结构变化下的河网连通度演变规律,以及水系变化下区域排涝能力的空间差异特征,具有操作性强特点。     

Industrial pollution,spatial stigma and economic decline: the case of Asopos river basin through the lens of local small business owners

This paper explores the notion of environmentally induced spatial stigma through an analysis of data from interviews across public attitudes to pollution within the Asopos river basin in central Greece. The area has a 40 year plus history of legal and illicit industrial waste disposal and public debate on the associated environmental degradation. The study focuses on the perceptions and beliefs of a sector of the community likely to be directly and negatively affected by stigma, that is small business owners in the tourism and hospitality sector. The qualitative analysis explores awareness and viewpoints on environmental degradation and water quality within the local context, implications for the local economy and the individual's own enterprise, views on industrial environmental management as well as corporate responsibility and future prospects for the environmental problems of Asopos. Findings reveal a noticeable variation in views on industrial pollution and ecosystem deterioration among the respondents, but overall a strong environmentally induced stigmatization of the area. They also uncover an information asymmetry and lack of credible commitment by government bodies and industry members in disclosing accurate information, a situation likely to increase speculation and uncertainty within the community. The paper concludes by addressing implications of the findings to policy-making and managerial considerations, along with future research perspectives which aim to increase considerations of sustainability aspects for local development.     

基于景观格局演变的流域生态风险评价与管控——以贵州赤水河流域为例

以岩溶地区典型流域——赤水河流域为研究对象,以2000、2005、2008、2013年4期遥感数据为基础,结合Arc Map的空间分析功能,对流域景观格局演变过程进行分析,构建流域生态风险评价体系与管控措施。研究表明:2000~2013年赤水河流域无风险区、潜在风险区、轻度风险区分别由1.66、2.95、75.41 km~2上升至5.63、21.81、115.45 km~2,而中度、重度风险区却分别下降了35.6和40.27 km~2;历年生态风险演变格局为以城乡建设用地为中心,生态风险由轻度、中度、重度向潜在或无风险区过渡,轻度、中度、重度主要以点状扩散或增加,潜在及无风险区则连片分布于农田区和山地丘陵区;基于不同生态风险区的风险源管控对策,对建立流域生态风险预警机制、降低流域生态环境风险、维护流域生态服务功能具有十分重要的意义。     

Implications of Conceptual Channel Representation on SWAT Streamflow and Sediment Modeling

Hydrologic modeling outputs are influenced by how a watershed system is represented. Channel routing is a typical example of the mathematical conceptualization of watershed landscape and processes in hydrologic modeling. We investigated the sensitivity of accuracy, equifinality, and uncertainty of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) modeling to channel dimensions to demonstrate how a conceptual representation of a watershed system affects streamflow and sediment modeling. Results showed the amount of uncertainty and equifinality strongly responded to channel dimensions. On the other hand, the model performance did not significantly vary with the changes in the channel representation due to the degree of freedom allowed by the conceptual nature of hydrologic modeling in the parameter calibration. Such findings demonstrated good modeling performance statistics do not necessarily mean small output uncertainty, and partial improvements in the watershed representation may neither increase modeling accuracy nor reduce uncertainty. We also showed the equifinality and uncertainty of hydrologic modeling are case‐dependent rather than specific to models or regions, suggesting great caution should be used when attempting to transfer uncertainty analysis results to other modeling studies, especially for ungauged watersheds. Editor's note: This paper is part of the featured series on SWAT Applications for Emerging Hydrologic and Water Quality Challenges. See the February 2017 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

应用加载磁混凝处理微污染河水

实验对比考察了常规混凝和加载磁混凝工艺对微污染河水中COD、浊度和TP等污染物的去除效果,系统研究了混凝剂用量、磁种加载量、搅拌条件和药剂投加顺序等因素对加载磁混凝效果的影响。实验结果表明,加载磁种后沉淀颗粒的体积平均粒径为从常规混凝工艺的50.1μm显著增加到68.6μm;污染物去除效果明显优于常规混凝工艺,尤其对浊度和总磷的去除效果得到了显著的提升;在实验最优条件下COD、浊度和TP的去除率分别达到54.17%、99.28%和75.82%;并且加载磁种后可减少50%以上的混凝剂投加量,同时大大缩短沉淀时间。     

直接投菌法在城市重污染河流治理中的应用研究

在无截污和清除内源的情况下,对深圳市甘坑河采用梅花式接种法将本源微生物菌剂分两次直接接入河流水体及底泥中。结果表明,第1次接种后的4 d内各项水质指标都不稳定,4 d后,悬浮物、COD、TP和NH3-N等浓度下降,水质明显改善;但从第8天开始,COD、NH3-N和TP的去除率同时下降,本源微生物的处理效率开始降低,需进行第2次接种;第2次接种后,DO浓度提升至2.0 mg/L以上,COD、TP和NH3-N的去除率分别保持在40%、30%和40%以上。结果表明,直接投菌法在城市重污染河道治理中可以初步消除河道的黑臭现象,修复水质。