多泥沙河流水质模型研究

针对黄河泥沙含量大、泥沙对河流CODMn浓度影响大的突出特点,运用模拟实验方法,探讨了泥沙对CODMn浓度的影响,揭示了浑水、清水中CODMn浓度与含沙量间的关系.研究表明,黄河浑水中CODMn浓度随含沙量增大呈显著上升趋势,而去除泥沙后清水CODMn浓度测定值随其原含沙量增大呈微上升趋势.依据质量平衡原理,建立了充分考虑泥沙影响的CODMn衰减经验模型.清水中CODMn浓度的变化采用完全混合反应器概念来模拟,浑水中CODMn浓度通过清水中CODMn浓度与泥沙中CODMn浓度之和来量化.模型基本方程的求解采用稳态解析解.模型中的参数通过利用实际监测数据及室内实验结果与优化结合的方法确定.同时,利用实际监测数据对参数和模型进行检验.结果表明,模型结构合理,参数取值可靠,模型精度较好.模型既能揭示汇流区间人为污染对河段水质的影响,又可以反映作为面污染源的黄河泥沙对污染的影响,可作为水质预测的实用工具及规划管理的依据.     

电袋复合除尘器中产生氧化性物质的研究

针对电袋复合除尘器前级电场电晕放电有可能会产生臭氧,而臭氧又迅速与烟气中NO反应生成NO2这一猜想,通过对实际工况下电袋复合除尘器中臭氧含量和NOX浓度进行的测试,得出电袋复合除尘器中并无臭氧产生,且NO2浓度也未增加。但烟气中NO2浓度已经接近除尘器PPS滤料在使用温度下(150℃)所能承受的最高限值,PPS滤料会因发生氧化而失效,缩短滤料使用寿命。     

天然气管道失效个人生命风险评价技术研究

为研究天然气长输管道失效个人生命风险,提出一种以人员伤亡概率为指标的天然气管道失效后果风险评价方法。基于天然气管道的失效概率和失效致死长度参数,建立天然气长输管道生命风险评价模型。用该模型,对国内某城市住宅小区内带腐蚀缺陷的天然气管线进行定量风险分析。借鉴英国天然气输送公司数据,确定天然气管线个人生命风险值。案例证明,用所建立的天然气管道失效个人生命风险评价模型能够有效地分析带缺陷天然气管道失效后果,实现天然气管道的个人安全生命风险全定量评价。     

基于Matlab的火灾探测报警系统可靠度Monte Carlo仿真

介绍了火灾探测报警系统的结构,指出了火灾探测报警系统失效原因,针对火灾探测报警系统的特点,确定了蒙特卡洛可靠度分析法.给出了系统的概率模型,确定了在Matlab下应用Monte Carlo方法对火灾探测报警系统的可靠度进行仿真的具体步骤,得到火灾探测报警系统可靠度仿真曲线.将仿真结果与试验结果相比较,基本一致,验证了该仿真方法能正确描述火灾探测报警系统的可靠度随使用寿命的变化规律,为进一步应用该方法来分析火灾探测报警系统的的各可靠性指标提供了理论基础.     

Perceived changes in well-being and happiness with gardening in urban organic allotments in Portugal

Urban allotment gardens (AG) in Portugal have increased in recent years, as in many other European countries and worldwide. The contribution of these gardens to the happiness and well-being of urban populations has been recognized, but evaluations of their benefits are still very scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate this contribution, based on the urban organic AG of the Devesa Park in Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal. The sample included 65 gardeners who completed the self-administered questionnaires of Bem-Estar Pessoal (personal well-being scale), Felicidade Subjetiva (subjective happiness scale) and sociodemographic characteristics. Respondents were mainly adults under 65 years, married and academically well qualified and about half of them had a professional activity, with nearly one third being retired. They considered themselves happy with their life (Personal Well-being Index = 74.5%) and revealed an optimistic and positive attitude towards life, regardless of economic or social difficulties. The increased frequency of visits for gardening was positively related to a greater perception of subjective happiness. The gardeners who visited the AG more frequently considered themselves happier from a self-perspective and in comparison with peers. It can be suggested that urban organic AG represent a means for enhancing citizen well-being, contributing positively to their feelings of happiness and life satisfaction, changing behaviours and developing personal capacities. Beyond economic measures, urban AG can be recommended to capture the well-being of societies.     

Diverging response patterns of terrestrial and aquatic species to hydromorphological restoration

Although experiences with ecological restoration continue to accumulate, the effectiveness of restoration for biota remains debated. We complemented a traditional taxonomic analysis approach with information on 56 species traits to uncover the responses of 3 aquatic (fish, macroinvertebrates, macrophytes) and 2 terrestrial (carabid beetles, floodplain vegetation) biotic groups to 43 hydromorphological river restoration projects in Germany. All taxonomic groups responded positively to restoration, as shown by increased taxonomic richness (10–164%) and trait diversity (habitat, dispersal and mobility, size, form, life history, and feeding groups) (15–120%). Responses, however, were stronger for terrestrial than aquatic biota, and, contrary to our expectation, taxonomic responses were stronger than those of traits. Nevertheless, trait analysis provided mechanistic insights into the drivers of community change following restoration. Trait analysis for terrestrial biota indicated restoration success was likely enhanced by lateral connectivity and reestablishment of dynamic processes in the floodplain. The weaker response of aquatic biota suggests recovery was hindered by the persistence of stressors in the aquatic environment, such as degraded water quality, dispersal constraints, and insufficient hydromorphological change. Therefore, river restoration requires combined local- and regional-scale approaches to maximize the response of both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Due to the contrasting responses of aquatic and terrestrial biota, the planning and assessment of river restoration outcomes should consider effects on both components of riverine landscapes.     

Meta-analysis of the differential effects of habitat fragmentation and degradation on plant genetic diversity

Genetic diversity is a key factor for population survival and evolution. However, anthropogenic habitat disturbance can erode it, making populations more prone to extinction. Aiming to assess the global effects of habitat disturbance on plant genetic variation, we conducted a meta-analysis based on 92 case studies obtained from published literature. We compared the effects of habitat fragmentation and degradation on plant allelic richness and gene diversity (equivalent to expected heterozygosity) and tested whether such changes are sensitive to different life-forms, life spans, mating systems, and commonness. Anthropogenic disturbance had a negative effect on allelic richness, but not on gene diversity. Habitat fragmentation had a negative effect on genetic variation, whereas habitat degradation had no effect. When we examined the individual effects in fragmented habitats, allelic richness and gene diversity decreased, but this decrease was strongly dependent on certain plant traits. Specifically, common long-lived trees and self-incompatible species were more susceptible to allelic richness loss. Conversely, gene diversity decreased in common short-lived species (herbs) with self-compatible reproduction. In a wider geographical context, tropical plant communities were more sensitive to allelic richness loss, whereas temperate plant communities were more sensitive to gene diversity loss. Our synthesis showed complex responses to habitat disturbance among plant species. In many cases, the absence of effects could be the result of the time elapsed since the disturbance event or reproductive systems favoring self-pollination, but attention must be paid to those plant species that are more susceptible to losing genetic diversity, and appropriate conservation should be actions taken.     

Effectiveness of a physical activity program on weight,physical fitness,occupational stress,job satisfaction and quality of life of overweight employees in high-tech industries: a randomized controlled study

Introduction. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a physical activity (PA) program on weight control, physical fitness, occupational stress, job satisfaction and quality of life of overweight and sedentary employees in high-tech industries. Methods. Participants in the intervention group (n?=?37) were instructed to carry out a PA program at moderate intensity for 60?min/session, 3 sessions/week for 12 weeks. Those in the control group (n?=?38) received no PA program and were asked to continue their routine lifestyle. Evaluations were performed at baseline and at the end of the intervention. Results of structured questionnaires and blood biochemistry tests and evaluations of physical fitness were analyzed. Results. The PA program effectively reduced the number of risk factors for metabolic syndrome and body fat percentage, and improved physical fitness such as flexibility, muscular strength and endurance and cardiorespiratory endurance. The intervention also significantly decreased levels of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Significant positive effects on work control, interpersonal relationships at work, global job satisfaction and quality of life were also demonstrated. Conclusion. This study showed that a PA program can be helpful in improving physical, physiological and psychological outcomes for overweight and sedentary employees in high-tech industries.     

含热熔孔洞缺陷的埋地聚乙烯管道应力分析及寿命预测

为了研究聚乙烯（PE）管道热熔孔洞缺陷与寿命之间的关系,基于Ansys软件对埋地状态下的含有热熔孔洞缺陷的PE管道进行应力分析,得到了含热熔孔洞缺陷的PE管道在不同内压下的最大Mises应力、环向应力和径向应力的变化数据;依据应力分析数据,使用Matlab编写程序,根据Suleiman双曲本构模型对PE管道进行了寿命预测。研究结果表明:含有热熔孔洞缺陷的PE管道,其最大应力随管道内压的增大而增大,寿命随着管道内压和缺陷体积的增大而减少,含缺陷管道寿命和内压关系可使用双对数函数来进行描述;使用应力分析和寿命预测相结合的方法,可以得到不同缺陷的PE管道寿命-内压关系式。     

海河综合开发改造与多功能生态堤岸建设

以多功能生态堤岸为基础的城市滨河地带的规划与改造已成为世界各国景观设计、生态规划的焦点。分析了海河堤岸现状的问题，针对海河综合开发改造方案提出了生态堤岸与亲水景观建设的有关建议。