黑龙江黑河段“十一五”水环境质量现状及保护对策

通过对“十一五”期间黑龙江黑河段水环境质量监测数据统计分析,得出黑龙江黑河江段水环境质量现状评价结果,提出界江水环境保护对策。     

滏阳河主要水环境污染物空间分布特性研究

滏阳河是海河流域的重要河流,断流现象和污染极其严重.本文在相关水文资料和实地野外考察的基础上,首先将平原区河流被分割成4个相互独立的河段,然后根据水样的总氮、总磷、COD、氨氮和硝态氮等污染指标的测定结果,在聚类分析的基础上对污染指标的空间相似性和差异性进行了分析,最后用因子分析的方法对不同河段的污染源进行了源解析.结果表明:滏阳河水体污染极为严重,主要污染指标超过5类标准,氨氮的污染最为严重;水体可分为3类,其分布有明显的地域特点,分别在有常规水补给的邯郸段、非常规水补给河段的上游和非常规水补给河段的下游;主要污染物的空间差异较大,氨氮的差异最为明显;河流水环境污染物主要有3种来源,分别是耗氧型有机污染物、氮类污染物和磷类污染物,不同河段各种污染物来源的贡献有所不同.     

聊城冬小麦测土配方施肥项目生命周期环境效益分析

测土配方施肥行动已在全国范围内开展,其实施效果还有待评估,而生命周期分析有助于系统地评估其实施的直接与间接环境效益.因此,本研究以山东省聊城市2006—2010年冬小麦的测土配方施肥项目为例,对冬小麦施肥生命周期资源消耗与污染物排放进行清单分析,并以常规施肥区为参照对象评估测土配方施肥项目的环境净效益.结果表明,测土配方施肥通过化肥减量使用和合理搭配,提高了单产,显著减少了冬小麦生命周期资源消耗与污染物排放量,其富营养化、环境酸化的减缓效益和节能效益分别相当于2000年世界人均影响潜力的6.90%、1.38%和0.89%.环境效益年际间总体上呈下降趋势,表明测土配方施肥项目起到了一定的示范推广作用,常规施肥区农户对氮肥的使用趋于理性,但磷肥投入尚有减量潜力,是继续改善项目实施效益的关键.     

南通市任港河底泥重金属污染的磁学诊断

以江苏省南通市任港河底泥柱样为研究对象,在系统的环境磁学、粒度、重金属及总有机碳含量分析的基础上,探讨了沉积物重金属污染的环境磁学诊断的可行性.结果表明,表层12cm以上样品中重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni含量超出江苏省土壤背景值,剔除粒度影响后,重金属含量"上高下低"的特征仍很明显.该底泥柱样沉积物的磁性特征为亚铁磁性矿物所主导,亚铁磁性矿物含量在表层12cm以上沉积物要高于下部沉积物,其含量在沉积物上部的升高受到污染的影响.磁化率(χ)、饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)和非磁滞剩磁磁化率(χARM)与Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni含量有显著的正相关关系(r≥0.74,p<0.01,n=54),可用于定性评价任港河底泥的重金属污染程度.但因受到磁性矿物的来源和成岩作用等因素影响,表层沉积物亚铁磁性矿物与重金属含量升高不尽一致,利用磁性参数定量诊断重金属含量仍需慎重.     

Contaminant removal from low-concentration polluted river water by the bio-rack wetlands

The bio-rack is a new approach for treating low-concentration polluted river water in wetland systems. A comparative study of the efficiency of contaminant removal between four plant species in bio-rack wetlands and between a bio-rack system and control system was conducted on a small-scale (500 mm length × 400 mm width × 400 mm height) to evaluate the decontamination effects of four different wetland plants. There was generally a significant difference in the removal of total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and total phosphorus (TP), but no significant difference in the removal of permanganate index (COD_Mn) between the bio-rack wetland and control system. Bio-rack wetland planted with Thalia dealbata had higher nutrient removal rates than wetlands planted with other species. Plant fine-root (root diameter ≤ 3 mm) biomass rather than total plant biomass was related to nutrient removal efficiency. The study suggested that the nutrient removal rates are influenced by plant species, and high fine-root biomass is an important factor in selecting highly effective wetland plants for a bio-rack system. According to the mass balance, the TN and TP removal were in the range of 61.03--73.27 g/m² and 4.14--5.20 g/m² in four bio-rack wetlands during the whole operational period. The N and P removal by plant uptake constituted 34.9%--43.81% of the mass N removal and 62.05%--74.81% of the mass P removal. The study showed that the nitrification/denitrification process and plant uptake process are major removal pathways for TN, while plant uptake is an effective removal pathway for TP.     

Effect of artificial aeration on the performance of vertical-flow constructed wetland treating heavily polluted river water

Three lab-scale vertical-flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs), including the non-aerated (NA), intermittently aerated (IA) and continuously aerated (CA) ones, were operated at different hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) to evaluate the effect of artificial aeration on the treatment efficiency of heavily polluted river water. Results indicated that artificial aeration increased the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in IA and CA, which significantly favored the removal of organic matter and NH₄⁺-N. The DO grads caused by intermittent aeration formed aerobic and anoxic regions in IA and thus promoted the removal of total nitrogen (TN). Although the removal efficiencies of COD_Cr, NH₄⁺-N and TN in the three VFCWs all decreased with an increase in HLR, artificial aeration enhanced the reactor resistance to the fluctuation of pollutant loadings. The maximal removal efficiencies of COD_Cr, NH₄⁺-N and total phosphorus (TP) (i.e., 81%, 87% and 37%, respectively) were observed in CA at 19 cm/day HLR, while the maximal TN removal (i.e., 57%) was achieved in IA. Although the improvement of artificial aeration on TP removal was limited, this study has demonstrated the feasibility of applying artificial aeration to VFCWs treating polluted river water, particularly at a high HLR.     

淮河下游小流域空间开发功能分区研究-以江苏沿海地区为例

基于区域开发与水环境保护的相互作用关系,以江苏沿海地区某小流域为研究对象,在流域层面上,建立定性与定量相结合,环境、经济、社会紧密结合的区域分析方法。选取水体使用功能、水质目标、清水通道、水体通达性、现状水质达标情况5项指标,将流域分为强约束区、较强约束区、中等约束区、弱约束区4类空间开发功能区。以此为依据,对各分区针对性提出了空间开发和产业发展的导向。其中水环境约束较弱的地区可以适当布局酿造、造纸、化工等水污染物排放量相对较大的产业;水环境约束较强的地区需要严格控制乃至禁止水污染物排放量大的产业,而适度发展编织品制造等不排水的农副产品加工业,或清洁生产水平先进、中水回用率高、排水量小的家具制造、木材加工等。     

城市滞流河道黑臭发生及控制研究

为了研究常州市老城区典型河道—北市河的黑臭现象发生原因,采用自主研发的一套滞流型河道沉积物污染释放与抑制装置,通过综合黑臭指数分析表明黑臭现象的发生耗时很长,由此推断导致水体黑臭发生的主要原因是外源污染物的排入。此外还从曝气深度和净化剂2个方面出发,研究其对黑臭的控制作用。在实验装置中选定距表面50 cm、100 cm、150 cm 3个深度,采用间歇纯氧曝气方式对水体进行处理,水质变化情况表明采用100 cm深度进行曝气对水体黑臭的控制效果最好。在净化剂比选实验中,在实验柱中分别投加商品钝化剂、过氧化氢、过氧化钙,并设置空白对照实验,监测水质参数随时间的变化情况,采用层次分析法进行净化剂的优选,分析结果表明过氧化钙的净化效果最好。     

山西汾河流域生态修复技术与对策探讨

汾河流域近年来污染严重,其污染治理和生态修复已引起高度重视。通过对汾河中下游流域存在问题的分析和以人工湿地为主的生态修复技术的概述,提出汾河流域的污染治理和生态修复的对策。     

浊漳河山西省潞城市境内段河流生态健康评价研究

浊漳河山西省潞城市境内干流段及南源段河道生态环境目前最突出的问题在于水质恶化、水量减少以及生物多样性衰退。本文从水质、水量、生物状况三个要素出发,通过建立浊漳河潞城市境内河段的水生态健康评价体系,对浊漳南源及干流段进行了生态健康诊断。结果显示,浊漳干流段生态健康总指数36.74,呈生态病态状;南源段生态健康总指数60.03,呈基本健康状态。据此,浊漳河潞城境内段目前的核心问题是生态恢复问题,应当针对其存在的问题选择适当的生态修复模式,采取相应的生态环境管理方法,把生态系统的恢复和重建作为其流域治理的最终目标。