联合改良剂对桉树吸收重金属的作用——以矿区土壤中Cd、Zn和Cu为例

通过5种矿区土壤的盆栽试验,研究了联合改良剂对桉树部分生理指标、根中Cd、Zn和Cu的含量、以及土壤中Cd、Zn和Cu的BCR提取形态的影响,探讨了其对矿区土壤还林的作用.结果表明,与对照相比,施用改良剂后桉树的生物量和叶绿素含量的增幅分别为-7.6%~158.8%和-0.7%~23.1%,丙二醛含量的降幅为2.6%~37.9%,其中部分处理的生物量和丙二醛含量的变化达到显著水平（P<0.05）;土壤中有效态Cd、Zn和Cu的含量分别下降12.5%~63.8%、1.6%~54.7%和16.2%~57.6%,桉树根中Cd、Zn和Cu的含量分别下降3.1%~56.6%、-1.5%~21.3%和9.3%~50.1%.土壤对桉树根中Cd、Zn和Cu的含量有显著影响（P<0.05）,改良剂的配比或施用量无显著影响（P>0.05）,但在5种矿区土壤中G3降低桉树根中Cu含量的效果优于G1和G2;在重金属含量最高的2种土壤中,G1降低桉树根中Cd和Zn含量的效果优于G2和G3.研究表明施用联合改良剂能降低桉树对重金属的吸收,有利于矿区土壤的还林.     

洪泽湖不同入湖河流沉积物磷形态特征及生物有效性

为揭示洪泽湖入湖河流沉积物磷形态空间差异性及影响因素,分析了洪泽湖自西北向西南7条入湖河流65个表层沉积物中不同磷（P）形态,并探讨了磷形态空间赋存特征的影响因素及环境意义.研究表明：沉积物总磷（TP）含量为488.90mg/kg~960.22mg/kg,无机磷（Pi）为主要形态,相对含量为65.81%~76.16%.西部入湖流域沉积物有机磷（Po）以非活性有机磷（NLOP）为主,汴河最高,相对含量约占Po的50.41%,生物有效态无机磷（BAP）相对含量最高,占Pi的66.84%,污染程度最高;西南和西北入湖流域Po则以中活性有机磷（MLOP）为主,Pi以钙结合态无机磷（HCl-Pi）为主.西北入湖流域由于受当地地质背景的影响,HCl-Pi所占Pi相对含量最高（43.02%）,从而减缓了磷的移动能力,污染程度最低.随着沉积物污染程度的增加,生物有效态Po含量增加,但所占Po相对含量降低;HCl-Pi含量增加,所占Pi相对含量降低,这一现象和我国其它典型地区沉积物磷形态空间分布类似.西部和西南入湖流域主要受水土流失、有机面源污染及藻类生长的影响,有机质环境较高,水交换能力弱,可被有机质降解的Po组分高于可被矿化的Po组分,大部分难降解Po组分易沉积,导致西部和西南入湖流域较高的BAP和NLOP含量,富营养化程度较高.沉积物OM是各形态磷之间相互转化的关键因素,和沉积物内源磷地球生物化学循环密切相关.洪泽湖入湖流域沉积物磷形态空间差异性主要由农业面源污染物的输入而导致内源磷负荷加剧.洪泽湖西部和西南入湖流域应重点控制农田水土流失及养殖业面源污染,建设滨岸修复带,遵循少量多次增施有机肥原则,减少农用地水土流失.健全农村养殖业废水废渣处理;划定科学养殖区;提倡铜围网箱,增加水体交换率.而对于洪泽湖西北入湖流域则应重点防止过度城镇化带来的水土流失及对生态功能保护区过高的污染负荷.     

天津市河流生态完整性评价

对河流生态健康状况进行评价,可为河流治理和生态修复提供依据.基于2018年8—9月天津市河流现场调查获取的物理、化学和生物群落指标（浮游动物、浮游植物、底栖动物、鱼类、水生大型植物、陆生植物）数据,构建包含物理完整性、化学完整性和生物完整性在内的河流IEI（index of ecological integrity,生态完整性指数）评价体系,对天津市河流生态健康状况进行评价.根据生物栖息地评分和水质状况确定参照点位,采用标准化方法筛选候选指标,应用层次分析法计算三部分指标权重,最终得出天津市河流生态健康评价结果.结果表明:①IEI评价结果显示,天津市河流生态健康状况等级为“健康”的样点占18.8%,“较好”的样点占28.1%,“一般”的样点占40.6%,“较差”的样点占6.3%,“差”的样点占6.3%,天津市河流生态健康状况整体处于“一般”水平.②相关性分析表明,ρ（NH₄+-N）和ρ（COD_Mn）超标是造成天津市水质达不到功能区标准的主要原因,同时也是影响河流生态健康的主要因素.研究显示,IEI评价法能够较为敏感地响应研究区面临的环境压力,适用于评价研究区河流生态健康.      

构树修复对重金属污染土壤环境质量的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,研究构树（Broussonetia papyrifera）生长对重金属污染土壤酶活性和微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明,构树修复污染土壤中酶活性和微生物多样性明显提高.经270d培养后,构树生长土壤中蔗糖酶和酸性磷酸酶活性与种植土壤相比分别显著（P<0.05）提高3.12倍和2.29倍;土壤脱氢酶与有效态As、Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu含量,蔗糖酶与有效态Cd含量,以及磷酸酶与有效态Cd和Cu含量之间呈显著负相关（P<0.05）.根据16S和18S rDNA PCR-DGGE分析表明,构树修复可提高污染土壤中细菌和丛枝菌根真菌多样性.上述结果表明,构树修复可有效改善重金属污染土壤的环境质量.然而,污染土壤中重金属有效态含量下降不明显,必须辅助物理和化学措施来强化构树对重金属污染土壤的生态修复潜力.     

南昌市冬季大气PM2.5中重金属元素来源分析及健康风险评价

采集2015年南昌市冬季大气PM_(2.5)样品,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定样品中重金属(V、Mn、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Ba和Pb)的含量,分析重金属的分布特征和来源,并对重金属健康风险进行评价。结果表明:采样期间PM2.5浓度总平均值为(29.74±16.82)μg/m~3,其中省外办最高,武术学校最低;各重金属元素总体平均浓度从高到低次序为:ZnPbCuMnBaNiVCrCdCo。因子分析结果表明:PM_(2.5)中重金属元素的来源包括道路交通尘和冶金化工排放、机动车尾气以及混合源。健康风险评价结果显示:PM_(2.5)中Mn对人体健康存在非致癌风险,其他元素(Cr、Ba、Co、Pb、Cd、Cu、V、Zn、Ni)基本没有非致癌风险;Cr对人体有较明显的致癌风险,Cd、Ni和Co对部分年龄段的人群(尤其是成年人)存在一定的致癌风险。     

典型铅锌矿化区不同土地利用类型土壤重金属污染特征与评价

选取云南者海典型铅锌矿区周边冶炼区（A）、粮食主产区（B）、保护区（C）三个区域土壤为研究对象,分析三个区域内林地（LD）和耕地（GD）土壤pH、总碳（TC）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）和5种重金属（Hg、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu）含量,利用典范对应分析（CCA）研究不同土地利用类型下它们之间的关系,基于系统熵值与重金属生物毒性改进灰色聚类评价法对研究区重金属污染程度进行评价。结果表明,A、B、C三区土壤的5种重金属均超过云南省土壤背景值,且含量A区 > B区 > C区,所有土壤样品Hg、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu平均含量分别为7.24、1.53、1 794、2 892、210 mg/kg;LD土壤重金属含量普遍高于GD。研究区土壤pH总体呈弱酸性,但A区土壤受矿业活动影响呈弱碱性。TC、TN含量和C/N值均表现出LD大于GD,但TP含量表现为GD显著大于LD （P<0.05）。CCA分析表明LD和GD土壤pH与Cd和Cu呈负相关,与Zn和Pb呈正相关,且pH对重金属含量的影响最大;TC、TP与重金属Cd和Cu在LD土壤中呈正相关,在GD土壤中呈负相关。改进灰色聚类评价结果表明重金属污染程度均表现为LD大于GD;A区污染最严重且均呈重度污染,B区次之,C区污染程度最轻。经比较本文改进的灰色聚类评价法在准确性和灵敏度方面优于传统方法。     

FRP加固金属结构技术应用研究进展

从FRP加固金属结构设计研究、界面性能研究、工艺研究、耐久性研究等4个方面回顾了FRP加固金属结构技术的发展历程。探讨了FRP加固技术的优势,总结了现阶段FRP修复技术取得的成就和现阶段发展存在的不足。最后,对未来FRP修复技术的发展做了总结。可以预见,随着高性能FRP的不断研制成功以及研究的深入,FRP修复技术必将得到更广泛的应用。     

Trace Metal Concentration in Roadside Surface Soil and Tree Back: A Measurement of Local Atmospheric Pollution in Abuja, Nigeria

Cadmium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc concentrations were analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in surface soil and tree bark from different districts of Abuja, Nigeria, in order to determine the atmospheric trace metal input in the area.Elevated concentrations of some of the studied metals were observed in the soil and tree bark samples from the commercial/high traffic areas of the city compared to backgroundvalues. In soil samples, the average concentration of the metals were 0.6±0.4, 18.0±4.0, 281±39, 16±4 and66±23 g g^-1 dry weight for Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn, respectively, whilst the average concentrations in tree bark were 0.3±0.2, 12±4, 133±32, 13±3 and 61±10 g g^-1 dry weight for Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn, respectively. The trend in trace metal levels suggested that automobile emissions are a major source of these metals as the highest concentrations of Pb and Zn were recorded in the commercial areas of the city known for their high traffic densities. The levels of metal in the study area were relativelylow compared to levels found in some larger and older cities in various countries worldwide.     

Determination of organophosphorus pesticides and related compounds in water samples by membrane extraction and gas chromatography

A membrane extraction-gas chromatography method was developed fordetermination of organophosphorus pesticides and related compounds including methamidophos, DDVP, dimethoate, methyl parathion, parathion, thiophosphoric acid trimethyl ester, and thiophosphoramidic acid dimethyl ester in water samples. In thismethod, surface-modified acetic cellulose membranes were used to extract the target analytes in water samples, the extracted analytes were back-extracted into a small amount of methanol, andgas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detector (GC-PFPD) was used to determine the concentrations of targetanalytes in the extracts. The recoveries obtained for thetarget analytes spiked into the water samples ranged from 66to 94%. The method detection limit for each target analyte was 0.05 g L^-1. The method developed in this study had shown the advantages of being cheap, simple, fast, and reliable. It had been used successfully to determine the concentrations of target analytes in river water samples.     

Competitive Retention of Lead and Cadmium on an Agricultural Soil

Lead and cadmium contamination of an agricultural soil has been studied using batch and column experiments. Thermodynamics of theretention phenomena may be represented by a Langmuir isotherm foran aqueous metal concentration up to 100 mg L^-1. First order kinetics with respect to the solid phase yield good predictabilityfor both batch and column experiments. Kinetics and thermodynamics of lead retention predominate over those ofcadmium. As a consequence, lead is preferentially retainedand can even displace sorbed cadmium. In the event of anspill involving both metals, cadmium would move further inthe soil and its aqueous concentration downstream could beeven higher than that of the influent solution, increasingpotential risks. A two-region model has been used to fit all the experimental results. Satisfactory predictions for column experiments are obtained with parameters which are consistent with those obtained for the batch experiments, for which sorption is described by a Langmuir isotherm including competitive retention.