River Channel Geometry and Rating Curve Estimation Using Height above the Nearest Drainage

River channel geometry is an important input to hydraulic and hydrologic models. Traditional approaches to quantify river geometry have involved surveyed river cross sections, which cannot be extended to ungaged basins. In this paper, we describe a method for developing a synthetic rating curve to relate flow to water level in a stream reach based on reach‐averaged channel geometry properties developed using the Height above Nearest Drainage (HAND) method. HAND uses a digital elevation model (DEM) of the terrain and computes the elevation difference between each land surface cell and the stream bed cell to which it drains. Taking increments in water level in the stream, HAND defines the inundation zone and a water depth grid within this zone, and the channel characteristics are defined from this water depth grid. We apply our method to the Blanco River (Texas) and the Tar River (North Carolina) using 10‐m terrain data from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) dataset. We evaluate the method's performance by comparing the reach‐average stage‐river geometry relationships and rating curves to those from calibrated Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System (HEC‐RAS) models and USGS gage observations. The results demonstrate that after some adjustment, the river geometry information and rating curves derived from HAND using national‐coverage datasets are comparable to those obtained from hydraulic models or gage measurements. We evaluate the inundation extent and show our approach is able to capture the majority of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 100‐year floodplain.     

Featured Collection Introduction: Connectivity of Streams and Wetlands to Downstream Waters

Connectivity is a fundamental but highly dynamic property of watersheds. Variability in the types and degrees of aquatic ecosystem connectivity presents challenges for researchers and managers seeking to accurately quantify its effects on critical hydrologic, biogeochemical, and biological processes. However, protecting natural gradients of connectivity is key to protecting the range of ecosystem services that aquatic ecosystems provide. In this featured collection, we review the available evidence on connections and functions by which streams and wetlands affect the integrity of downstream waters such as large rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and estuaries. The reviews in this collection focus on the types of waters whose protections under the U.S. Clean Water Act have been called into question by U.S. Supreme Court cases. We synthesize 40+ years of research on longitudinal, lateral, and vertical fluxes of energy, material, and biota between aquatic ecosystems included within the Act's frame of reference. Many questions about the roles of streams and wetlands in sustaining downstream water integrity can be answered from currently available literature, and emerging research is rapidly closing data gaps with exciting new insights into aquatic connectivity and function at local, watershed, and regional scales. Synthesis of foundational and emerging research is needed to support science‐based efforts to provide safe, reliable sources of fresh water for present and future generations.     

1998年长江流域洪水灾害成因分析

通过实测气象,水文数据分析和洪水期雷达卫星影像判读,论述了１９９８年长江流域洪水的雨情,水情和灾情的主要特征,并与１９９４年的相关数据进行了比较,可以认为,１９９８年长江流域洪水是由异常降水引起的,其洪水灾害的主要物征为高水位,长历时,大洪量,１９９８年长江干流洪水总量与１９５４年规模相当。     

A Cost‐Effective Laser Scanning Method for Mapping Stream Channel Geometry and Roughness

This brief pilot study implements a camera‐based laser scanning system that potentially offers a viable, cost‐effective alternative to traditional terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and LiDAR equipment. We adapted a low‐cost laser ranging system (SICK LSM111) to acquire area scans of the channel and bed for a temporarily diverted stream. The 5 m × 2 m study area was scanned at a 4 mm point spacing which resulted in a point cloud density of 5,600 points/m². A local maxima search algorithm was applied to the point cloud and a grain size distribution of the stream bed was extracted. The 84th and 90th percentiles of this distribution, which are commonly used to characterize channel roughness, were 90 mm and 109 mm, respectively. Our example shows the system can resolve both large‐scale geometry (e.g., bed slope and channel width) and small‐scale roughness elements (e.g., grain sizes between about 30 and 255 mm) in an exposed stream channel thereby providing a resolution adequate for the estimation of ecohydraulic roughness parameters such as Manning's n. While more work is necessary to refine our specific field‐deployable system's design, these initial results are promising in particular for those working on a limited or fixed budget. This opens up a realm of laser scanning applications and monitoring strategies for water resources that may not have been possible previously due to cost limitations associated with traditional TLS systems.     

镧系配合物检测流域水环境阴离子的可视化研究

水环境中阴离子的快速便捷检测对评估流域水环境污染、提出相关流域治理对策具有重要意义.提出一种以镧系金属离子Eu3+作为配位金属离子,采用水热法与2,6-吡啶二羧酸合成镧系配合物,对水环境中9种常见阴离子进行定性和定量分析的方法.结果表明,制备的配合物吡啶二羧酸铕[Eu(DPA)3]在水中具有良好分散性,280 nm激发...     

长江干流近三十年来水质变化探析

本文根据我国水利部水文年鉴中的水质监测资料和全球水质监测计划中长江站的水质监测资料,对长江干流六十至八十年代水质变化的三个问题：河水碱度降低及Ｃａ＾２＋和ＳＯ＾２－４含量增高与环境酸化的关系;     

基于16S rRNA测序技术的青藏高原河流细菌群落多样性

近年来由于气候变化和人类活动等影响,我国青藏高原生态系统面临退化风险.微生物作为河流生态系统的重要组成部分,能够反映流域的总体变化,是生态系统健康程度的指示器.为调查青藏高原河流生态系统的细菌群落多样性和组成特点,于2021年7月在青藏高原地区的黄河、长江、澜沧江、怒江、雅鲁藏布江和柴达木盆地流域进行大范围水样采集,共收集样品65个,并基于16S rRNA技术对样品中细菌进行测序分析.结果表明,共检测出的细菌群落涵盖65门1 311属,各流域α多样性指数较高,说明青藏高原河流细菌的丰富度和多样性均处于较高水平.其中,表征物种丰富度的Chao指数和OTU richness指数均与SRP/TP的值有极显著负相关关系.门水平优势类群主要有变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)和蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria);纲水平优势类群主要有γ-变形菌纲、拟杆菌纲和α-变形菌纲;属水平优势群主要有Flavobacterium和Limnohabitans.通过主坐标分析(PCoA)和置换多因素方差分析(Adonis...     

GIS支持下广东水体污染与社会经济发展指标的关系分析

利用地理信息系统（GIS）提供的空间数据管理操作和空间分析功能，以广东省1998年，1999年水质状况为例，建立了河流水污染空间信息系统，以地区（市）为单位，利用统计方法建立了水质状况与社会经济发展指标的定量关系，并进行了二者的空间关系分析。结果表明，无论从统计关系还是空间分布上，水质状况与单位面积人口数目、人均工业总产值、单位面积农业产值之间都存在较为密切的关系。通过比较，本文指出了广东省水体重污染区人口密度，工、农业总产值的范围与分布，为分析河流水污染及其影响因素和变化规律提供了一种新的尝试。     

长江中游洪涝灾害的发展趋势与跨流域治理的必要性

回顾了近五百年来长江中游洪涝灾害发生的历史,运用历史外推原理对洪灾的发展趋势进行了预测,认为在未来的十几年内,长江中游洪灾的发展态势不容乐观。在防御对策上,中央“三十二字”指导原则提出后,人们普遍把眼光投向流域内生态环境的治理。从历史看,长江中游自古以来就是受洪患严重威胁的地区,近代流域内生态环境的破坏在一定程度上人为地加剧了这一威胁,流域内生态环境的治理十分重要。但导致长江中游洪灾的根本 原因还     

Load Estimation Method Using Distributions with Covariates: A Comparison with Commonly Used Estimation Methods

Load estimates obtained using an approach based on statistical distributions with parameters expressed as a function of covariates (e.g., streamflow) (distribution with covariates hereafter called DC method) were compared to four load estimation methods: (1) flow‐weighted mean concentration; (2) integral regression; (3) segmented regression (the last two with Ferguson's correction factor); and (4) hydrograph separation methods. A total of 25 datasets (from 19 stations) of daily concentrations of total dissolved solids, nutrients, or suspended particulate matter were used. The selected stations represented a wide range of hydrological conditions. Annual flux errors were determined by randomly generating 50 monthly sample series from daily series. Annual and interannual biases and dispersions were evaluated and compared. The impact of sampling frequency was investigated through the generation of bimonthly and weekly surveys. Interannual uncertainty analysis showed that the performance of the DC method was comparable with those of the other methods, except for stations showing high hydrological variability. In this case, the DC method performed better, with annual biases lower than those characterizing the other methods. Results show that the DC method generated the smallest pollutant load errors when considering a monthly sampling frequency for rivers showing high variability in hydrological conditions and contaminant concentrations.