Influence of combustion-originated dioxins in atmospheric deposition on water quality of an urban river in Japan

Bulk (wet and dry) deposition samples were collected in Saitama Prefecture, Japan throughout a year (February 8, 2012 to February 7, 2013) to estimate the influence of dioxins emitting from waste incinerators on river water quality. The annual deposition flux of dioxins was 3.3 ng-toxic equivalent (TEQ)/m²/year. Source identification using indicative congeners estimated that 82% of dioxin TEQ in the bulk deposition (2.7 ng-TEQ/m²/year) was combustion-originated, indicating that most of the dioxins in the deposition were derived from waste incinerators. In Saitama prefecture the annual flux of combustion-originated dioxins in depositions was apparently consistent with that of dioxin emission into the air from waste incinerators. The TEQ of combustion-originated dioxins in the deposition per rainfall was 2.4 pg-TEQ/L on annual average, exceeding the environmental quality standard (EQS) for water in Japan of 1 pg-TEQ/L. This suggests there is a possibility that dioxins in atmospheric deposition have a significant influence on the water quality of urban rivers which rainwater directly flows into because of many paved areas in the basins. The influence of combustion-originated dioxin in the deposition on the water quality of Ayase River, an urban river heavily polluted with dioxins, was estimated at 0.29 pg-TEQ/L on annual average in 2015. It seems that dioxins in atmospheric deposition from waste incinerators have a significant influence on water quality of some urban rivers via rainwater though the dioxins in the ambient air have achieved the EQS for atmosphere at all monitoring sites in Japan.     

福建省敖江下游抗生素抗性基因分布特征

河流流域的下游往往是各种大小城镇聚集之处,快速城市化等人类活动导致了城市河流环境剧烈改变.抗生素抗性基因是一种新型污染物,城市河流中抗生素抗性基因的传播和富集可能对城市人口健康和城市生态安全造成潜在的危害.本研究采用高通量定量PCR技术,研究福建省连江县城区上游、城区下游和河流入海口这3个采样点的抗生素抗性基因污染情况和分布特征.结果表明:(1)敖江流域连江县城区下游河流抗生素抗性基因丰度达到了3.9×10~(10)copies·L~(-1),显著高于城区上游和河流入海口的丰度(P0.05);(2)城区下游检测出了129种抗生素抗性基因,显著高于城区上游检测出的79种,而河流入海口的抗性基因种类仍然高达118种,表明河流水体环境中抗生素抗性基因一旦出现,就很难自然消减;(3)城市河流环境是抗生素抗性基因的一个重要存储库.     

西洞庭湖入湖河流磷的污染特征

为识别西洞庭湖长江三口分流来水与洞庭湖水系河流来水磷元素的污染特征,于2016年1-12月在西洞庭湖的主要入湖河流松滋河（三口分流河道）、沅江和澧水（洞庭湖水系河流）开展了水文水质同步调查,研究了入湖河流中磷浓度和组成的时空分布特征,剖析了水文因素对磷污染特征的影响,探究了磷的来源结构.结果表明,3条主要入湖河流流量平均值表现为沅江（1 718 m3/s）>松滋河（935 m3/s）>澧水（884 m3/s）,ρ（TP）平均值表现为沅江（0.070 mg/L） < 澧水（0.077 mg/L） < 松滋河（0.138 mg/L）;沅江的年均入湖磷通量（4 177.26 t/a）对于西洞庭湖磷污染而言仍起主导作用;沅江、澧水与松滋河的磷的形态以DTP（溶解态磷,占比为78.56%~90.19%）为主,并且松滋河DTP占比（90.19%）显著高于沅江和澧水（78.56%~83.34%）.进一步的分析显示,3条河流的磷污染状况受水文因素影响显著,沅江和澧水磷浓度表现为汛期高于非汛期,磷的主要来源为非点源;松滋河的磷浓度表现为非汛期高于汛期,汛期主要取决于长江来水状况,非汛期主要取决于松滋口以下区间的点源污染状况.研究显示,3条河流磷浓度和形态均具有时空差异性,并且年内变化规律差异较大.      

重庆地区石笋δ13C记录的全新世气候环境变化

本文利用重庆市青木关镇狮子洞石笋QM09铀系测年数据和氧碳稳定同位素数据,重建了研究区9.4~0 ka BP的古气候环境演化历史。依据狮子洞石笋δ~(13)C记录变化趋势,将其划分为2个阶段:(1)9.4~3.0 ka BP期间,狮子洞石笋δ~(13)C记录除了在4.2 ka BP附近发生一次短暂的偏重事件外,整体变化比较平缓,石笋δ~(13)C值比较偏轻;同时石笋δ~(18)O值在该期也较为偏轻,暗示了此时段季风强盛,气候温暖湿润,地表植被变化稳定。此时人类活动比较弱,对自然环境的影响小,植被变化主要受自然气候环境的影响;(2)3.0~0 ka BP期间,石笋δ~(13)C记录不再呈现如第一阶段般平稳变动的趋势,在3.0 ka BP时开始波动下降,在经历1.7 ka BP大幅下降后,δ~(13)C便频繁波动大幅升降。石笋δ~(18)O记录显示该时段季风减弱,气候变干,植被退化,土壤水中溶解的CO_2含量减少。加之该期人类活动剧烈,地表自然植被遭到破坏,当地无机环境更多的参与到地下水循环体系中来,使得石笋δ~(13)C逐渐加重。     

岩溶槽谷石漠化治理区表层泉水化学特征研究:以重庆酉阳泔溪花椒基地老泉为例

背斜型岩溶槽谷区石漠化治理的关键之一是要厘清地下水资源动态变化特征,尤其要开展在线高分辨率连续动态监测。本文以重庆酉阳龙潭岩溶槽谷石漠化治理区老泉监测站为例,采用PONSEL多参数自动记录仪现场测定和样品室内分析相结合的方法,研究老泉2017年完整水文年的季节和强降雨期间的水化学动态特征,利用主成分分析法探究季节尺度和强降雨期间老泉水化学组分的主要来源。结果表明：（1）在季节尺度上,受雨水稀释作用的影响,雨季泉水pH、电导率、Ca²⁺、HCO₃^-、Mg²⁺低于旱季;土壤受淋溶作用的影响,泉水K⁺、Na⁺、全Mn、Al³⁺、全Fe浓度雨季高于旱季;水化学变化主要受4个主成分影响,累计贡献率为85.53%,但主导要素是水岩作用及土壤元素流失;（2）强降雨期间,石漠化背景下泉水水化学指标对降雨响应迅速,但在植被不同生长状态下各指标差异明显;典型的两次强降雨过程中水化学变化都主要受4个主成分影响,累计贡献率分别为85.63%和85.40%,但主导要素是农业活动和土壤元素流失;（3）花椒树种植后泉水中NO₃^-、SO₄^2-质量浓度较高,且硫酸和硝酸参与岩溶作用过程并对老泉水质造成重要影响。因此,背斜型岩溶槽谷表层泉水化学特征的监测研究,对于槽谷石漠化治理区水资源高效利用具有重要现实意义。     

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LINEAR AND NONLINEAR TIME SERIES MODELS FOR WATER QUALITY1

ABSTRACT: Surface water quality data are routinely collected in river basins by state or federal agencies. The observed quality of river water generally reflects the overall quality of the ecosystem of the river basin. Advanced statistical methods are often needed to extract valuable information from the vast amount of data for developing management strategies. Among the measured water quality constituents, total phosphorus is most often the limiting nutrient in freshwater aquatic systems. Relatively low concentrations of phosphorus in surface waters may create eutrophication problems. Phosphorus is a non-conservative constituent. Its time series generally exhibits nonlinear behavior. Linear models are shown to be inadequate. This paper presents a nonlinear state-dependent model for the phosphorous data collected at DeSoto, Kansas. The nonlinear model gives significant reductions in error variance and forecasting error as compared to the best linear autoregressive model identified.     

可持续发展战略与长江流域经济开发

可持续发展已 成为世界性话题和全球共同任务。流江流域经济开发必须走可持续发展之路,”决不能吃粗宗饭,断子孙路,走浪费资源和先污染,后治理的路子”。长江流域淡水,矿产,生物旅游景观人才智力等资源丰富,但也存在对经济社会发展 不利的制约因素。必须扭转流域经济开发中重开发轻治理,急功近得、“靠山吃山、靠水吃水”开发目标单一等作法,实行统敌兼顾,分工协作;治理开发,综合利用;优势互补,利益均沾;细水长流,     

Integrating wetlands and riparian zones in river basin modelling

Wetlands, and in particular riparian wetlands, represent an interface between the catchment area and the aquatic environment. They control the exchange of water and related chemical fluxes from the upper catchment area to surface waters like streams and lakes. Their influence on water and nutrient balances has been investigated mainly at the patch scale. In this study an attempt was made (a) to integrate riparian zones and wetlands into eco-hydrological river basin modelling, and (b) to quantify the impacts of riparian wetland processes on water and nutrient fluxes in a meso-scale catchment located in the northeastern German lowland. The investigation was performed by analysing hydro-chemical field data and applying the eco-hydrological model SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model), which was extended to reproduce the relevant water and nutrient flows and retention processes at the catchment scale in general, and in riparian zones and wetlands in particular. The main extensions introduced in the model were: (1) implementation of daily groundwater table dynamics at the hydrotope level, (2) implementation of water and nutrient uptake by plants from groundwater in riparian zones and wetlands, and (3) assessment of nutrient retention in groundwater and interflow. The simulation results indicate that wetlands, though they represent relatively small parts of the total catchment area, may have a significant impact on the overall water and nutrient balances of the catchment. The uncertainty of the simulation results is considerably high, with the main sources of uncertainty being the model parameters representing the geo-hydrology and the input data for land use management.     

广东省跨市河流边界水质控制断面方案讨论

在对广东省主要跨市河流进行详细调查的基础上，分析现有跨市河流边界水质控制断面的存在问题；综合考虑跨市河段的地理位置、水体现状功能及水环境敏感性等因素，并兼顾上、下游地区社会经济发展现状及趋势，建议在新丰江、增江、韩江、灞江、绥江、西南涌、西江干流、榕江、枫江等河道新设边界水质控制断面13个，在全省共布设38个断面，构成广东省跨市河流边界水质达标管理的监测体系。文章还建议，要尽快制定广东省跨市河流边界水质保护条例，为加强广东跨市河流边界水质的达标管理，解决上下游地区之问的污染纠纷提供法律依据。     

黑臭河道生物修复中3种不同增氧方式比较研究

利用叶轮式曝气机、水下式曝气机、射流式曝气机等3种不同曝气方式的曝气设备进行了黑臭河涌曝气试验。研究表明，不同增氧方式对黑臭河道水体增氧效率不同，水下式曝气机、叶轮式曝气机均可在黑臭河道下游形成一段绿色水而，水车式曝气机下游变绿河段长度为15．7m，叶轮式曝气机下游变绿河段长度为6．3m，射流式曝气机不能形成明显的绿色水而。无论足河道水体增氧效果、CODcr、NH3-N去除效果，还足河道菌-藻生态系统的建口、自净能力的肩动，水下式增氧机均优于其它两种增氧机，而且存在投资少、安装维护方便、运行费用低等优点。适应于河道窄、水流缓、截污难度大的城郊中小型黑臭河道的治理。