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991.
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Towards Real‐Time Continental Scale Streamflow Simulation in Continuous and Discrete Space 下载免费PDF全文
Fernando R. Salas Marcelo A. Somos‐Valenzuela Aubrey Dugger David R. Maidment David J. Gochis Cédric H. David Wei Yu Deng Ding Edward P. Clark Nawajish Noman 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2018,54(1):7-27
The National Weather Service (NWS) forecasts floods at approximately 3,600 locations across the United States (U.S.). However, the river network, as defined by the 1:100,000 scale National Hydrography Dataset‐Plus (NHDPlus) dataset, consists of 2.7 million river segments. Through the National Flood Interoperability Experiment, a continental scale streamflow simulation and forecast system was implemented and continuously operated through the summer of 2015. This system leveraged the WRF‐Hydro framework, initialized on a 3‐km grid, the Routing Application for the Parallel Computation of Discharge river routing model, operating on the NHDPlus, and real‐time atmospheric forcing to continuously forecast streamflow. Although this system produced forecasts, this paper presents a study of the three‐month nowcast to demonstrate the capacity to seamlessly predict reach scale streamflow at the continental scale. In addition, this paper evaluates the impact of reservoirs, through a case study in Texas. Validation of the uncalibrated model using observed hourly streamflow at 5,701 U.S. Geological Survey gages shows 26% demonstrate PBias ≤ |25%|, 11% demonstrate Nash‐Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) ≥ 0.25, and 6% demonstrate both PBias ≤ |25%| and NSE ≥ 0.25. When evaluating the impact of reservoirs, the analysis shows when reservoirs are included, NSE ≥ 0.25 for 56% of the gages downstream while NSE ≥ 0.25 for 11% when they are not. The results presented here provide a benchmark for the evolving hydrology program within the NWS and supports their efforts to develop a reach scale flood forecasting system for the country. 相似文献
994.
Historical and Future Stream Temperature Change Predicted by a Lidar‐Based Assessment of Riparian Condition and Channel Width 下载免费PDF全文
Gustav B. Seixas Timothy J. Beechie Caleb Fogel Peter M. Kiffney 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2018,54(4):974-991
Riparian forests attenuate solar radiation, thereby mediating an important component of the thermal budget of streams. Here, we investigate the relationship between riparian degradation, stream temperature, and channel width in the Chehalis River Basin, Washington State. We used lidar data to measure canopy opening angle, the angle formed between the channel center and trees on both banks; we assumed historical tree heights and calculated the change in canopy angle relative to historical conditions. We then developed an empirical relationship between canopy angle and water temperature using existing data, and simulated temperatures between 2002 and 2080 by combining a tree growth model with climate change scenarios from the NorWeST regional prediction. The greatest change between historical and current conditions (~7°C) occurred in developed portions of the river network, with the highest values of change predicted at channel widths less than ~40 m. Tree growth lessened climate change increases in maximum temperature and the length of river exceeding biologically critical thresholds by ~50%–60%. Moreover, the maximum temperature of channels with bankfull widths less than ~50 m remained similar to current conditions, despite climate change increases. Our findings are consistent with a possible role for the riparian landscape in explaining the low sensitivity of stream temperatures to air temperatures observed in some small mountain streams. 相似文献
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996.
Christophe Boschet Tina Rambonilaza 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2018,61(1):105-123
Several studies attempt to explain how collaborative environmental governance processes operate, but the question of why collaboration relationships form has received much less attention. Motivated by this need, this paper provides insights to the broad question: why does collaborative river basin management in France depend so heavily on partnerships made up around a few actors? Accordingly, our analytical framework develops a transaction cost explanation for the extent to which participatory procedures help stakeholders to identify partners and initiate collaboration, and for the causal link between the attributes of these stakeholders and their partnerships. The p2 model is implemented to investigate partnership networks of the key actors that govern the management of the Gironde estuary, the study case. The results provide evidence that environmental institutions bring together heterogeneous actors who might not be ready for collaboration, thereby actors’ perceived power similarity; their geographical proximity and co-presence in formal fora limit transaction costs. 相似文献
997.
U. Pinto 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2016,59(7):1257-1276
In this study, we examine aspects of community values and perspectives on goods and services received from the river along with issues related to sustainable management of the river. The study reveals that the contemporary values placed on rivers by communities are mostly associated with recreational and leisure activities. The distance from the river and age of the participants appeared as the most influential social demographic factors affecting participants' perspectives on river health. The study indicates that people tend to develop a strong bond with the natural resources around them and the amount of time spent at a location is directly related to the strength of this relationship. To assess the general river condition and health, a number of visual indicators (e.g., floating debris) were suggested. If properly standardised and calibrated, such indicators have the potential to develop cost-effective monitoring tools for detecting seasonal and spatial changes in river health. 相似文献
998.
Elina Leonova Karlis Shvirksts Mara Grube Lubov Ignatovich Calvin Yu-Chian Chen Tatjana Sjakste 《毒物与环境化学》2017,99(4):601-612
Ftorafur is an antimetabolite antitumour drug successfully used for treatment of various tumours. It is generally accepted that ftorafur is converted to 5-fluoruracil. However, some data indicate direct interactions of the compound with DNA. To test this hypothesis we have performed spectrophotometric study of DNA interactions of ftorafur and some of its elementoorganic derivatives with DNA. UV-VIS spectra of the tested compounds were recorded in absence and presence of increasing amounts of DNA. DNA caused a hypochromic effect in spectra of ftorafur, similar, but weaker effect was observed in 5-fluoruracil spectra. Trimethylgermyl derivative of ftorafur manifested a higher DNA-binding capacity compared to ftorafur. To reveal possible mechanism of interaction between the tested nucleosides and DNA ethidium bromide extrusion experiments were performed. It was shown that the compounds did not compete with EBr for intercalation. Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy analyses revealed decrease in intensity of several bands in spectra of ftorafur, its trimethylgermyl derivative and fluorouracil in presence of DNA indicating again interactions between the compounds and DNA. Docking experiments reveal interactions of the tested nucleosides with the DNA minor groove. Thus ftorafur is capable to interact directly with DNA; further modifications of the molecule enhance this capacity. 相似文献
999.
This paper discusses how climatic-hydrological and socio-political developments will affect water allocation in the Syr Darya river basin and which adaptation measures will be needed to cope with changing water resources. In view of the geo-political complexity, climate-driven changes in water availability are of particular importance in this region. Water shortages during summer will become more frequent as precipitation is expected to further decrease and glacial meltwater releases will decrease in the long-term due to reduced glacier volume. Being the main valve to the entire Syr Darya river system, the Toktogul reservoir in Kyrgyzstan could take over, at least partly, the role of glaciers as seasonal water redistributors, thus allowing the generation of energy in winter – benefiting upstream countries – and irrigation for large-scale agriculture in summer – benefiting downstream countries. To date, however, there is no regional consensus on a balanced reservoir management, which currently favours irrigation according to past Soviet priorities. Moreover, the perception of water as a ‘national concern’ in Central Asia discourages efforts towards cooperation between states at the regional level. So far, climate change adaptation has focused on technical rather than institutional solutions. We suggest that policy-relevant adaptation measures should include consistent data collection and dissemination, cross-sectoral collaboration, promotion of national responsibility and initiative, and agreeing on a regional strategy. 相似文献
1000.
Raptor–prey encounters were studied to evaluate the strategies and success rate of both predator attack and prey defense.
We compared the success of barn owls in catching stationary simulated prey (food item) with that of moving prey (food item
that was pulled in various directions). We also tracked real encounters between barn owls and spiny mice in a captive environment.
It was found that owls had higher success in attacking stationary prey and that they seemed to attack the prey as soon as
it became motionless. When attacked, only a few spiny mice remained immobile (freeze response) whereas most fled and usually
avoided capture by the owls. It was also found that spiny mice displayed a preference to escape in those directions in which
owls had demonstrated a lower success in catching the simulated prey. Escape initiation dichotomized to a short or long (but
rarely intermediate) distance between the spiny mouse and the owl with more successful avoidance at short-distance (last-moment)
escapes. The best predictor of escape success was the velocity of the spiny mouse, and the second best predictor was its flight
initiation distance (FID). We present an update for Ydenberg and Dill’s model for optimal FID in close encounters, suggesting
that fleeing at the last moment is advantageous. However, a last-moment attempt to escape is also more risky with a split
second differing between life and death, and is therefore appropriate mainly for agile prey under close-distance attack. 相似文献