Preliminary 3-D site-scale studies of radioactive colloid transport in the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain,Nevada

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is actively investigating the technical feasibility of permanent disposal of high-level nuclear waste in a repository to be situated in the unsaturated zone (UZ) at Yucca Mountain (YM), Nevada. In this study we investigate, by means of numerical simulation, the transport of radioactive colloids under ambient conditions from the potential repository horizon to the water table. The site hydrology and the effects of the spatial distribution of hydraulic and transport properties in the Yucca Mountain subsurface are considered. The study of migration and retardation of colloids accounts for the complex processes in the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain, and includes advection, diffusion, hydrodynamic dispersion, kinetic colloid filtration, colloid straining, and radioactive decay. The results of the study indicate that the most important factors affecting colloid transport are the subsurface geology and site hydrology, i.e., the presence of faults (they dominate and control transport), fractures (the main migration pathways), and the relative distribution of zeolitic and vitric tuffs. The transport of colloids is strongly influenced by their size (as it affects diffusion into the matrix, straining at hydrogeologic unit interfaces, and transport velocity) and by the parameters of the kinetic-filtration model used for the simulations. Arrival times at the water table decrease with an increasing colloid size because of smaller diffusion, increased straining, and higher transport velocities. The importance of diffusion as a retardation mechanism increases with a decreasing colloid size, but appears to be minimal in large colloids.     

密相流态化气力输送技术的工业试验研究

对燃煤电厂密相流态化气力输送系统的不同工况进行1：1工业试验研究。在不影响粉煤灰正常输送的前提下，采集系统核心部件仓泵的压力曲线及数据，对其进行分析。研究认为，仓泵的设计压力至少可以降低为0.8MPa，并对管路系统提出改进方案，为密相流态化气力输送的设计和运行提供参考依据。     

Steady Shallow-Water Current and Solute Transport around a Semi-Conical Headland

Laboratory experiments have been carried out to investigate the effects of a sloping wall headland on the flow characteristics and the associated concentration distributions from a point source around the headland. A semi-conical headland with a slope of 1:2 was set up in a flow basin, 4.8 m long and 3.8 m wide. In this paper, the experimental results of a steady shallow-water current are reported. Three dimensional flow velocities in the basin were measured using Sontek-ADV instrument. The dye concentration levels in the basin were measured by two fluorometers. The experimental results showed a large-scale re-circulation region behind the semi-conical headland. The peak turbulence energy, at about 53% of the local kinetic flow energy, coincides with the region of high velocity gradient. Significant vertical flows were observed around the area near the downhill slope of the headland, with a maximum ratio of vertical to horizontal velocities being about 22%. Such relatively significant vertical scouring velocities, coupled with strong turbulence energy and high horizontal velocity gradients in the same region, could cause severe bed erosion. The experimental results have also been compared with the predicted results of a depth-averaged numerical model. The predicted eddy structure and the concentration distribution in the re-circulation area were found to compare favourably with the experimental results. However, the discrepancies in the flow velocities and the concentration levels near the headland were apparent. It was observed that the dye concentration continued to spread in the cross-stream direction after passing the headland, whereas only a limited extent of the lateral spreading was predicted by the numerical model further downstream of the headland.     

广州城市道路雨水径流的水质特征

城市道路雨水径流中富含交通活动所产生的大量石油类、悬浮固体和重金属等污染物,能够对受纳水体的水质造成明显的破坏并影响水生生态。对广州市内道路某路段发生的七场路面雨水径流进行了降雨量、径流量的同步监测和径流样品的水质分析,结果表明,广州城市道路雨水径流中营养盐的含量较低,但COD值较高,且可生化性差,石油类和重金属的含量也较高。其中石油类、COD、悬浮固体和重金属Pb的污染水平虽然与国内其他城市的研究结果在同一范围,但都高于国外发达国家的研究结果,反映出我国在道路路面环境维护和管理上与国外的差距。对照我国地表水环境质量标准,广州城市道路雨水径流中的石油类、COD、悬浮固体和Pb等指标都大大超过III类标准,表明道路径流若不经处理直接排放进入地表水体,可能对受纳水体主要是珠江的水质造成严重影响。     

Subgrid-Scale Modeling of Reacting Scalar Fluxes in Large-Eddy Simulations of Atmospheric Boundary Layers

In large-eddy simulations of atmospheric boundary layer turbulence, the lumped coefficient in the eddy-diffusion subgrid-scale (SGS) model is known to depend on scale for the case of inert scalars. This scale dependence is predominant near the surface. In this paper, a scale-dependent dynamic SGS model for the turbulent transport of reacting scalars is implemented in large-eddy simulations of a neutral boundary layer. Since the model coefficient is computed dynamically from the dynamics of the resolved scales, the simulations are free from any parameter tuning. A set of chemical cases representative of various turbulent reacting flow regimes is examined. The reactants are involved in a first-order reaction and are injected in the atmospheric boundary layer with a constant and uniform surface flux. Emphasis is placed on studying the combined effects of resolution and chemical regime on the performance of the SGS model. Simulations with the scale-dependent dynamic model yield the expected trends of the coefficients as function of resolution, position in the flow and chemical regime, leading to resolution-independent turbulent reactant fluxes.     

试论攀钢基地的矿产资源体系

攀钢基地位于康淇地轴中段两侧边缘一个古裂谷带中。裂谷带地质构造复杂,成矿条件优越,形成储量丰富、种类齐全的矿产资源,其中钒、铁地质储量名列全国第一,钛矿资源居世界之首,钒矿占世界第三位,铁矿仅次于鞍本地区,名列全国第二位。 攀钢基地矿产资源体系由核心资源(铁矿和炼焦煤)和辅助原料资源(动力煤、熔剂石灰岩、白云岩、耐火粘土、菱镁矿等)构成。在核心资源中,以攀西铁矿运在六盘水和以六盘水的炼焦煤运在攀钢,构成钟摆式运输系统。基地矿产资源体系和钟摆式运输,基本上能满足攀钢基地对矿产资源的要求。 攀钢基地矿产资源体系和攀西—六盘水之间钟摆式运输系统的形成,决定了攀钢二基地必须建在攀西(渡口至西昌)地区。否则,将造成不良后果。     

营区道路景观规划浅议

营区道路景观规划是营区景观规划中十分重要的组成部分，它直接影响到营区景观的整体规划效果。提出营区道路景观设计应重点考虑的几个问题，并加以剖析。     

压力容器活性污泥法处理餐厅生活污水

结合酒楼污水处理工程实际 ,分析了压力容器式活性污泥法的突出优点及其成因 ,认为适合在城市小区污水处理站或其它的有机废水点污染源应用     

试论公路建设对环境的影响及保护措施

公路建设的蓬勃发展给环境带来了极大的影响，本文着重就公路建设对环境的负面影响进行了分析，提出了公路建设中的各项环保措施。     

多氯联苯在水稻田中的迁移行为

对典型污染地区水稻田土壤及作物中多氯联苯的含量和分布特征进行了研究。结果表明，土壤中以4－6氯取代的PCBs同类物（congeners）为主，三者占PCBs总量的85％以上；多氯联苯在土壤中的横向和纵向迁移行为很弱，同类物之间表现出不同的迁移特性；水稻对多氯联苯没有明显的生物富集作用；水稻不同组织中多氯联苯的含量相差很大，其中浓度分布顺序为稻叶＞稻壳＞稻杆＞糙米；大气沉降可能是水稻污染的主要来源。