城市高架公路雨水径流的污染特征

对上海市内环高架一段路面的7场降雨径流进行监测,分析了径流中固体悬浮物和营养盐的变化特征,以期加深对城市高架公路径流污染物的认识和为高架公路径流净化工艺的选择提供理论支持。结果表明：溶解态氮、颗粒态磷是径流中TN和TP的主要输出形式;TP质量浓度变化与TSS基本一致,但TN质量浓度变化与TSS相关关系较弱;通过分析不同粒径固体悬浮物与污染物的相关性,发现〈45μm固体悬浮物是径流中营养盐吸附的重要载体,去除细小固体悬浮物是治理城市高架径流污染的有效途径。     

车路协同下信号控制交叉口两难区问题改善方法

为降低两难区对信号控制交叉口交通安全的影响,针对车路协同环境下交通信息获取方式及交叉口区域车辆运行特点,提出信号控制交叉口两难区问题改善方法。在分析各种两难区问题改善措施的适用性基础上,确定车路协同环境下信号控制交叉口两难区问题改善方法的工作流程,综合运用车速引导、动态绿灯时间延长和黄灯时间调整等3种措施降低车辆进入两难区的概率,并提出主要参数计算方法。运用Vissim软件进行仿真试验,结果表明,笔者建立的两难区问题改善方法能使车辆闯红灯次数平均降低78.1%,且改善效果在低峰流量时优于高峰流量时。     

危险化学品运输事故历史数据研究综述

系统地回顾国内外近20 a来的危险化学品运输事故历史数据分析的理论和方法,旨在为我国今后危险化学品运输风险研究提供指导。调研国内外危险化学品运输事故研究的历史数据来源,介绍该领域的主要研究方法及其发展过程,讨论现有研究内容及研究结果的共性和特征。发现现有研究主要集中于危险化学品的道路运输,侧重于分析运输事故的主要影响因素,经济损失、次生灾害及事故数与运输批次的关联方面的研究不足。提出要把事故后果的科学衡量作为未来的研究方向。     

高层住宅消防车通道设置问题探讨

通过对现行住宅及消防相关规范规定、条文解释的比照与分析,结合即将出台《建筑设计防火规范》、《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》合并的拟修订《建筑设计防火规范》稿及相关规定,根据住宅火灾危害表征及建设工程消防设计审核实践工作经验总结,提出对于高层住宅建筑消防车通道设置,建议可按现行《住宅建筑规范》规定执行,同时充实了新的消防登高车操作面、坡度、场地大小等要求,使得高层住宅消防车通道要求具体化。     

渤海湾客滚船危险货物安全运输现状分析与对策

针对近五年来渤海湾客货滚装船车载化工产品货物常见种类及危险性分布情况进行了全面的统计,阐述了渤海湾航线客货滚装船车载化学品运输现状,分析了渤海湾航线客货滚装船车载化学品运输存在的问题以及载有危险货物运输车辆客货滚装船在发生事故时可能带来的危害.提出了加强管理部门间协作、疏导与查堵相结合、制定适应渤海湾短途航运的货物危险性测试标准以及引导和促进货物生产商、经营者、运输单位提前进行货物危险性测试分类,并采用合适的包装方式及警示标志等加强载有危险货物运输车辆客滚船安全管理的重要措施.     

城市交通与机动车排放控制

论述了随着城市机动车保有量的急剧增长,机动车排放污染物对城市大气环境的影响也越来越大。分析了城市机动车排放污染的状况及影响因素,特别重点讨论了机动车车型和汽车城市道路运行工况对机动车排放污染物的影响。为了改善城市大气环境,推动城市全面、协调、可持续发展,提出了若干措施,供城市规划、城市交通管理部门参考。     

Peregrine falcon egg pollutants

The role of the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) as a bioindicator for the accumulation of organohalogen compounds and other persistent organic pollutants has been established in field studies. Biometric indices for damage caused by pollutants such as the shell thickness and the shell index were determined and the egg contents were analyzed for various pollutants by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A wide range of chemically activated luciferase expression (CALUX®) bioassays were performed on subsamples of the eggs.

The following organohalogen compounds were found in the eggs of 2009: dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, heptachlor epoxide, hexachlorobenzene, dieldrin, hexachlorocyclohexane, polychlorobiphenyls and polychlorodibenzodioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans, polybromodiphenyl ethers, hexabromocyclododecane, tetrabromobisphenyl A, perfluoro compounds, and mercury. The DDT metabolite, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (DDE) (11,800 ng/g dry matter), was found to be the most highly concentrated egg contaminant followed by 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (3800 ng/g). After a past general drop in pollution level, most egg contaminants presently plateau at levels that may still exceed limit values in foods of animal origin (DDE) or even toxicological thresholds (polychlorobiphenyls + polychlorodibenzodioxins, polybromodiphenyl ethers, perfluorooctanesulfonate, methylmercury).

Accumulation of DDE could be shown in peregrine falcon eggs from the uplands of Southwest Germany with elevations up to 1500 m, presumably due to its global distribution and its cold condensation in higher altitudes. In contrast, the concentration of polychlorobiphenyls in falcon eggs decreases with elevation, indicating that these pollutants originate mainly from conurbations and local industrial sites.

Significant negative correlations were found between both shell index and thickness and the concentration of Hg. A deleterious effect is also evident from a no-observed-adverse-effect level of 120 ng MeHg per gram egg determined by other authors in chronic feeding studies with ibises, which resulted in decreased egg productivity and male homosexual nesting and courtship behavior. The average Hg concentration in the peregrine falcon eggs from 2009 is almost four times higher than this level. MeHg accounted for 82.5% of the Hg present in the eggs of 2009 and 2010.

The cell test DR CALUX® for screening of dioxin-like activities can be used to detect not only the 29 regulated dioxin-like substances but also many other persistent organic pollutants with dioxin-like potencies, such as mixed halogenated dioxins/biphenyls. In our case, the results of bioanalytical screening methods showed no additional effect of other compounds with dioxin-like activity.

Ninety-three out of 177 analytes sought could be detected in the eggs. Chlorinated paraffins, organotin compounds, some pesticides that are still in use, and phthalic esters with the exception of traces of diethylhexyl phthalate could be excluded. All pollutants found in the eggs belong to substance classes banned by the Stockholm and Minamata Conventions.     

Pesticides alter ion transport across frog (Pelophylax kl. esculentus) skin

We have measured, in the edible frog (Pelophylax kl. esculentus), the effect of two fungicides (8-hydroxyquinoline and captan), and four herbicides (DCMU, glyphosate, paraquat, and propachlor) on the short-circuit current, whose value gives an estimate of the net ion transport taking place across isolated skin. Glyphosate and paraquat treatment produced a modest increase in short-circuit current, corresponding to 2.6±0.7 and 4.6±0.8 μA·cm^?2, whereas the other substances had a more sustained effect, ranging from 9.1±0.6 (propachlor) to 14.8±0.9 μA·cm^?2 (captan), which is mainly attributable to an increase in the Na⁺ absorption, and, to a lesser extent, Cl^? secretion. The increase in short-circuit current after pesticide treatment, was partially abolished by AF12198, indomethacin, SC58125, SQ 22536, and W7; these results suggest that pesticides, independently from their chemical structure, induce the release of interleukin-1, which triggers the activity of cyclooxygenase-2, whose products, via a concentration in intracellular cAMP and Ca²⁺ concentration, increase Na⁺ absorption. The resulting Na⁺ disequilibrium must be compensated for by other epithelia, with the only consequence being the dissipation of energy. However, our results are important because they indicate that pesticides interact with the basic cellular machinery, which is responsible for the myriad of biological functions of different cell types.     

基于OTIS模型的巢湖十五里河源头段氮磷滞留特征

为揭示巢湖十五里河源头河段氮磷营养盐滞留特征,选择NH4Cl、KH2PO4及NaCl作为示踪剂,开展野外现场示踪实验.根据获得的氯离子浓度和营养盐浓度穿透曲线数据信息,利用OTIS与OTIS-P计算软件,估算水文参数(D、A、As、a等)和营养盐一阶吸收系数(λ、λs).在此基础上,计算暂态存储指标和营养盐吸收相关参数值,定量评估主河道流动水体与暂态存储对NH4+和SRP的损失贡献.结果表明,主河道与暂态存储区NH4+吸收系数平均值分别为3.88×10-6,8.81×10-4s-1,SRP分别为7.80×10-6,7.98×10-8s-1;综合衰减系数k-NH4平均值为1.64×10-4s-1,k-SRP为7.80×10-6s-1;NH4+和SRP的吸收长度Sw-NH4、Sw-SRP相当大,分别为1632.88,25471.32m,意味着该河段经由物理或生态过程去除N、P的可能性低;该河段Vf-NH4、Vf-SRP 值较营养盐浓度低的溪流或小河流偏小,但U-NH4、U-SRP则明显偏大;暂态存储对于NH4+损失的平均贡献率为93.82%,主河道水流对SRP损失的平均贡献率高达99.70%.     

不同交通模式下CO和NOx的暴露水平研究

为研究由于交通模式的差异引起的暴露水平的变化,将监测设备安装在检测车上,检测车以差异的速度行驶模拟出行者在城市道路中不同交通模式下的通行过程. 在2013年7~8月的10个采样日中,保持监测车的行驶速度分别为5, 15, 30km/h依次模拟行人、自行车和电动车在城市道路上行驶,移动检测值为该交通模式下的污染暴露浓度.结果显示步行时平均暴露水平最高,其次为自行车和电动车模式.在3种道路模拟场景中,暴露水平均值由高到低依次为主干路>快速路>支路.与文献结果对比,CO的暴露水平模拟效果优于NOx,且该模拟方法的效率优于传统研究方法.