《大气污染防治行动计划》实施对经济与环境的潜在影响

基于全产业链视角,采用资源环境投入产出模型,定量化模拟了在现有产业技术条件下国家《大气污染防治行动计划》(下称《计划》项目)实施对社会经济和资源环境的潜在影响. 结果表明,《计划》项目实施:①将拉动我国GDP累计增加20 570×108元,非农就业岗位累计增加260×104个,起到刺激经济发展、促进社会就业等作用;②将直接带动环保装备制造、建筑安装、综合技术服务、锅炉技术改造以及新能源汽车等相关行业的发展,同时通过产业链关联间接带动金属冶炼压延加工业,化学工业(不含塑料和橡胶,下同),非金属矿物制品业,电力、热力的生产和供应业等传统高耗能、高污染产业的发展;③将累计新增SO₂、NO_x、烟粉尘排放量分别为121.3×104、96.0×104和60.7×104 t,年均新增排放量相当于预期减排能力的3.8%、2.2%、2.2%,主要集中于电力、热力的生产和供应业,金属冶炼压延加工业,非金属矿物制品业,化学工业以及石油加工炼焦核燃料加工业等5个行业;④将累计新增煤炭、水资源消耗量分别为1.6×108和108.2×108 t,二者的年均新增消耗量相当于2010年消耗量的1.05%和0.36%,主要集中于电力、热力的生产和供应业及金属冶炼压延加工业. 未来应加快环保产业发展,不断优化产业结构,进一步提高火电、钢铁等国民经济基础性行业污染治理效率和资源使用效率,从产品供给角度减少大气治理活动对环境的影响.      

南湖富营养化主要控制因子分析

本文通过全面分析南湖湖泊系统中营养物之间、营养物与藻类生长之间的相互关系,探讨了各种环境因子对南湖富营养化的影响,结合藻类增长潜力试验结果确定南湖富营养化的主要控制因子,为南湖综合整治提供科学依据。     

中温厌氧消化与高温厌氧消化对污泥重金属风险及稳定性的影响

通过分析中温厌氧消化+机械脱水以及热水解预处理+高温厌氧消化工艺过程中重金属含量与形态的变化,研究了中温厌氧消化与高温厌氧消化工艺对污泥重金属风险、形态及稳定性的影响.结果表明,中温厌氧消化工艺增加了污泥中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn的含量,重金属污染等级和潜在生态风险增强.高温厌氧消化工艺降低了污泥Cd和Cr的含量,重金属污染等级和潜在生态风险降低.其中,N厂污泥主要致污染金属为Cd和Zn,S厂污泥主要致污染金属为Cd;Cd是6种重金属风险系数最高的,是污泥潜在生态危害的最大贡献者.中温厌氧消化后,污泥中Cd、Ni、Pb和Zn的可还原态和可氧化态所占质量分数之和降低;Cd、Cr、Cu和Ni的残渣态所占质量分数降低.可见,中温厌氧消化后,污泥重金属的潜在毒性和稳定态向直接毒性转化.高温厌氧消化后,污泥Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn的可交换态所占质量分数降低;Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的残渣态所占质量分数亦降低,可见,高温厌氧消化后,重金属的直接毒性和稳定态向潜在毒性转化.     

重庆市主要工业源VOCs组分排放清单及其臭氧生成潜势

基于"第二次全国污染源普查"基础信息和工业行业VOCs源成分谱,建立了重庆市2017年主要工业源VOCs组分清单,并估算其臭氧生成潜势(OFP),识别工业源VOCs重点管控物种及其来源.结果表明,重庆市2017年工业源VOCs排放总量及其OFP分别为144.12 kt和477.34 kt,汽车制造、装备制造、塑料制造和...     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Occurrence of Primidone,Carbamazepine, Caffeine,and Precursors for N‐Nitrosodimethylamine in Drinking Water Sources Impacted by Wastewater1

Abstract: Wastewater impact on drinking water sources was assessed using several approaches, including analysis of three pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) – primidone, carbamazepine, and caffeine – as indicators, and determination of precursor concentrations for the disinfection byproduct N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) using formation potential (FP) tests. Samples were collected in 2006 and 2007 in rivers impacted by wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) discharges, at drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) intakes upstream or downstream from these discharges, and from two WWTP effluents in two watersheds. The levels [10th percentile ? maximum (median)] of primidone, carbamazepine, caffeine, and NDMAFP were 2‐95 (7) ng/l, 2‐207 (18) ng/l, 7‐687 (78) ng/l, and 12‐321 (35) ng/l, respectively. The highest concentrations of primidone, carbamazepine, and NDMA precursors were from one of the WWTP effluents, whereas the highest concentration of caffeine was detected in a river heavily impacted by treated wastewater discharges. The lowest concentrations of the three PPCPs were from a DWTP influent upstream of a metropolitan urban area with minimum wastewater impact. Temporal variations in PPCP and NDMAFP concentrations and streamflows in two selected watersheds were also observed. Furthermore, correlation analysis between caffeine or carbamazepine and primidone was evaluated. The results show that measurement of the two pharmaceuticals and NDMAFP tests can be used to evaluate wastewater impact in different watersheds, whereas caffeine results were more variable.     

浅析鼓风机房在污水处理中的节能潜质

在城市污水处理厂能耗结构中,鼓风机房权重约50%,并且由于技术和管理水平的限制,鼓风机房存在严重的电能浪费问题。以采用A2/O工艺的污水处理厂工程为例,通过鼓风机房单位水量电耗与生物系统单位水量需氧量的比较,对2009年12个月鼓风机房的节能潜质进行分析。结果表明,鼓风机房单位水量电耗和好氧池需氧量随月份的变化趋势不一致,其年均节能潜力为62%;仅通过鼓风机房的节能,污水处理厂的年均节能潜力就能达到27.2%,污水处理单耗就能由0.219kW·h/m3降到0.159kW·h/m3,可节约运行费用110.8858万元/a。     

太湖不同湖区夏季蓝藻生长的营养盐限制研究

采集太湖6个湖区水样,利用营养盐添加,现场培养实验研究了水华蓝藻在不同湖区水体中生长的氮、磷限制情况和蓝藻的生长潜力.结果表明,梅梁湾水体只有氮、磷同时添加才对蓝藻生物量具有显著的促进作用,表明该湖区水华蓝藻的生长不仅存在磷限制,而且存在明显的氮限制.在太湖西部河口区、竺山湾和贡湖湾,蓝藻对单独的氮添加没有反应,而单独磷添加和氮磷同时添加对蓝藻生长具有同样的促进作用,表明磷是这些区域藻类生长的主要限制因子.东太湖水体不论氮磷单独还是同时添加对蓝藻生长均没有促进作用,表明存在氮磷以外的限制因子.氮磷供应充足的情况下,梅梁湾和西部河口区水体培养的蓝藻生长速率最高,表明这两个水域蓝藻的生长潜力最大,氮磷输入极易刺激蓝藻大量增殖,这在一定程度上解释了为什么蓝藻水华在这两个区域更为严重.蓝藻在贡湖湾和胥口湾水体中生长速率较低,在东太湖水体中的生长速率最低,因此这些水域的蓝藻增殖潜力较低.     

应用ORP预测和控制地下水除铁滤池出水含铁量

试验研究了应用氧化还原电位(ORP)预测和控制除铁滤池出水含铁量的可行性,探讨了水力负荷(HLR)、溶解氧(DO)和pH值对ORP和滤池除铁效果的影响以及曝气过滤除铁的机理.结果表明,在pH值为6.69,DO为6.8mg/L时,滤池除铁机理主要为接触催化氧化作用;HLR、DO和pH值对滤池除铁有较大的影响;滤池出水含铁量(Y)与ORP(X)之间的关系可用回归方程Y=0.0004exp[3816/(X+200)] (R2=0.9664)表示;当ORP在400~510mV时,滤池出水含铁量小于0.3mg/L.     

海泡石对镉-铅复合污染钝化修复效应及其土壤环境质量影响研究

通过盆栽试验,开展了海泡石钝化修复Cd-Pb复合污染土壤对p H、重金属形态含量、水稻体内重金属累积特征以及土壤酶活性和微生物数量的影响研究.结果表明,添加海泡石提高了土壤p H值,污染土壤中Cd和Pb由活性较高的可提取态向活性低的有机结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态以及残渣态转化,可溶态Cd和Pb含量分别较对照降低了1.4%~72.9%和11.8%~51.4%.水稻体内各部分重金属含量总体上随海泡石含量增加而减少.与对照相比,水稻茎、叶、糙米和稻壳中Cd含量最大可降低39.8%、36.4%、55.2%和32.4%,而相对应部位的Pb含量最大降幅也分别达到了22.1%、54.6%、43.5%和17.8%.添加海泡石后在一定程度上改善了土壤环境质量,过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性、细菌和放线菌数量有所增加,蔗糖酶活性和真菌数目较对照有所降低,但不显著(P>0.05).p H、可溶态Cd、Pb含量以及脲酶和蔗糖酶活性与水稻体内Cd、Pb含量之间存在显著的相关关系,可以用来评价土壤Cd-Pb复合污染钝化修复效率.