云南省城市生活垃圾处理温室气体排放特征

根据《IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》和《省级温室气体清单编制指南》方法,建立2018年云南省16个州(市)城市生活垃圾处理温室气体排放清单,包括生活垃圾填埋和焚烧处理过程,并分析了温室气体排放的时间分布、空间分布和影响因素等。结果表明;(1)2018年云南省生活垃圾处理温室气体总排放量为536万t CO_2当量,各州(市)间排放量差异明显,滇中经济发达地区和滇东北人口密度较高地区排放量明显高于滇西北地区。(2)2005—2018年,云南省生活垃圾处理排放的温室气体量增长了191.3%,温室气体排放组成发生明显变化,CH4比重不断下降,CO_2比重不断增加。(3)城镇人口数量、生活垃圾处理量、经济发展水平与温室气体排放量显著相关,其中人口数量更为明显。     

降解和压缩作用下城市生活垃圾的持水量变化

在自制的城市生活垃圾降解-压缩-渗流仪中开展了5组持水量试验,分别研究不同温度和逐级递增应力条件下新鲜高厨余垃圾的持水量随时间的变化,新鲜高厨余、新鲜无厨余和基本降解垃圾的持水量随应力的变化.试验结果表明：在恒定应力条件下,新鲜高厨余垃圾的持水量随时间呈指数下降,即MRC=a-b（1-exp（-ct^d））;在应力10kPa和室温（0～27℃）条件下,持水量下降较慢（c=0.003,d=1.18）;在应力10kPa和恒温（40±3℃）条件下,持水量下降较快（c=0.173,d=0.601）;应力从50kPa逐级递增至100kPa、200kPa和400kPa后,持水量分别瞬时下降3.0%、2.3%和1.9%;新鲜高厨余、新鲜无厨余和基本降解垃圾的持水量均随应力的对数呈线性下降,即MRC=m-n×lg（σ）;当应力从10kPa增大至400kPa时,新鲜高厨余、基本降解和新鲜无厨余垃圾的持水量分别从63.0%、46.5%和37.9%下降至46.0%、35.3%和30.4%.通过对比分析国内外持水量试验结果,揭示了在相同应力条件下新鲜垃圾持水量随厨余含量的增加而增大、不同组分老垃圾持水量基本相同的规律.分析了生化降解和应力压缩对新鲜高厨余垃圾持水量的影响机理,并提出了增大新鲜高厨余垃圾脱水速率和脱水量的工程建议.     

2014年河北中南部两次重霾天气成因分析

利用河北省环保局环境监测站提供的污染物浓度数据及常规气象观测数据、NCEP再分析资料,结合HYSPLIT4.9后向轨迹模式,对2014年10月上旬发生在河北省的2次大范围的重霾天气特征和成因进行综合分析.结果表明,这2次重污染天气过程PM_2.5地面浓度最大值出现在邢台,为507μg/m³,水平能见度不足1km.均压场的分布和较为平稳的高空形势为2次霾天气提供了有利的气象背景.高湿,静小风以及较低的混合层高度不利于污染物扩散,是导致这两次重污染天气持续的主要原因.结合卫星火点及污染物来源分析表明,河北南部及周边省份的秸秆燃烧加重了第2次过程的污染,污染气团的输送对区域性重霾天气产生重要影响.     

通风速率对厌氧残余物沼渣堆肥的影响

以牛粪发酵残余物沼渣为原料,设置不同的通风速率进行堆肥,堆体的通风速率分别是0.2,0.5,0.8L/（min·kg OM）,分析堆肥20d过程中物理、化学和腐熟变化的特征,探讨不同通风速率对堆肥特性的影响.结果表明,通风速率为0.2,0.5L/（min·kg OM）的堆体维持高温阶段的时间为5d,而通风速率为0.8L/（min·kg OM）堆体维持高温阶段时间为4d;各堆体OM分解率分别是28.2%,32.9%,30.5%;通风速率对终产品pH值、电导率（EC）影响不大,pH值均能满足堆肥最优pH值,EC均未超过4mS/cm;通风速率为0.2L/（min·kg OM）的堆体终产品的NH₄⁺-N含量超过400mg/kg,各堆体终产品NO₃^--N的含量分别是2545,3146,2735mg/kg;各堆体终产品C/N分别是16.5,14.1,15.6;各堆体终产品GI值分别是92.2%,96.6%,82.7%.通风速率为0.5L/（min·kg OM）堆体E465/E665（E₄/E₆）最小,其腐殖化程度最高.综合分析,0.5L/（min·kg OM）是沼渣堆肥最为合适的通风速率.     

Removal of Eu3+, Ce3+, Sr2+, and Cs+ ions from radioactive waste solutions by modified activated carbon prepared from coconut shells

As a biomass agricultural waste material, coconut shells were used for the preparation of high-quality modified activated carbon. Chemical modification of the surface of the prepared activated carbon is done by oxidation using H₂O₂ and HNO₃, respectively. The surface area and pore volume of the coconut shells activated carbon are increased by the chemical modification, and followingly the removal of the metals is improved. The structural morphology and composition of the modified activated carbon coconut shells (MACCS) were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, thermogravimetric analysis–differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analysis (SAA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur (CHNS) elemental analysis. The prepared MACCS has reasonably good chemical stability. The influence of solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, adsorption temperature, initial metal concentrations, and interfering ions on the adsorption performance of the investigated ions onto the prepared sorbent was examined by a batch method. The selectivity sequence for sorption of Eu³⁺, Ce³⁺, Sr²⁺, and Cs⁺ ions on MACCS was found to be Eu^3+?>?Ce^3+?>?Sr^2+?>?Cs⁺. The saturation capacities of MACCS for the studied metal ions were found to be 136.84, 85.55, 69.85, and 60.00?mg?g^?1 for Eu³⁺, Ce³⁺, Sr²⁺, and Cs⁺ ions, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters, ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG° were also evaluated.     

Life cycle assessment of food waste home composting in Greece

Home composting is a waste prevention measure related to the management of the household's food waste, garden trimmings, and other smaller organic household waste streams. Thus, home composting is an alternative way of exploitation of the “biomass” generated from the households. It is an alternative to centralized composting. Biomass utilization is explicitly stated as a principle of green chemistry. The aim of this paper is presentation of the results of a case study dealing with the life cycle environmental assessment of home composting of food waste in households in Greece. The results of the study indicate that home composting is environmentally preferable over the current organic waste management situation in Greece.     

Characteristics of the stabilized/solidified municipal solid wastes incineration fly ash and the leaching behavior of Cr and Pb

Fly ash is a hazardous byproduct of municipal solid wastes incineration (MSWI). An alkali activated blast furnace slag-based cementitious material was used to stabilize/solidify the fly ash at experimental level. The characteristics of the stabilized/solidified fly ash, including metal leachability, mineralogical characteristics and the distributions of metals in matrices, were tested by toxic characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) respectively. Continuous acid extraction was utilized to extract metal ions and characterize their leaching behavior. The stabilization/solidification procedure for MSWI fly ash demonstrates a strong fixing capacity for the metals by the formation of C-S-H phase, hydrated calcium aluminosilicate and ettringite. The stabilized/solidified fly ash shows a dense and homogeneous microstructure. Cr is mainly solidified in hydrated calcium aluminosilicate, C-S-H and ettringite phase through physical encapsulation, precipitation, adsorption or substitution mechanisms, and Pb is mainly solidified in C-S-H phase and absorbed in the Si-O structure.     

Environment and economic feasibility of municipal solid waste central sorting strategy: a case study in Beijing

Although Beijing has carried out municipal solid waste (MSW) source separation since 1996, it has largely been ineffective. In 2012, a “Green House” program was established as a new attempt for central sorting. In this study, the authors used material flow analysis (MFA) and cost benefit analysis (CBA) methods to investigate Green House’s environment and economic feasibility. Results showed that the program did have significant environmental benefits on waste reduction, which reduced the amount of waste by 34%. If the Green House program is implemented in a residential community with wet waste ratio of 66%, the proportion of waste reduction can reach 37%. However, the Green House is now running with a monthly loss of 1982 CNY. This is mainly because most of its benefits come from waste reduction (i.e., 5878 CNY per month), which does not turn a monetary benefit, but is instead distributed to the whole of society as positive environmental externalities. Lack of government involvement, small program scale, and technical/managerial deficiency are three main barriers of the Green House. We, thus, make three recommendations: involve government authority and financial support, expand the program scale to separate 91.4 tons of waste every month, and use more professional equipment/technologies. If the Green House program can successfully adopt these suggestions, 33.8 tons of waste can be reduced monthly, and it would be able to flip the loss into a profit worth 35034 CNY.

Open image in new window

     

稳定剂对电解锰废渣中高浓度可溶性锰稳定效果的影响

为满足大宗废渣经济性处理的需要,从碱性物质、磷酸盐、碳酸盐类药剂筛选出“物美价廉”稳定剂,考察了CaO、MgO和Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2及其与NaHCO3和Na3PO4的组合对电解锰废渣中的可溶性锰的稳定化效果,并采用矿物组成分析、锰价态分析和形态变化探讨可溶性锰固定机理.结果表明:投加10%MgO锰渣中可溶性锰固定率达到100%,9%CaO+5%NaHCO3和9%CaO+5%Na3PO4的组合实现可溶性锰固定率95%以上.上述3组稳定剂将可溶性Mn2+先转变为沉淀态锰进一步转变为高价态含锰物相.后两组中NaHCO3或Na3PO4的加入促进了Mn2+向Mn3+、Mn4+的转化.     

京津冀地区钢铁行业高时空分辨率排放清单方法研究

针对目前京津冀地区钢铁行业大气污染物排放量基数不清,排放清单缺失的现状,以钢铁行业调研、企业在线监测、污染源调查等数据为基础,综合考虑钢铁行业具体工艺设备、环保措施、产能等信息,按照自下而上的方法建立了一套高时空分辨率排放清单.经计算,2012年京津冀地区钢铁企业排放SO2为47.16万t,NOx为37.22万t,烟粉尘为34.15万t,其中烧结和高炉工艺为京津冀钢铁行业污染物的主要来源;从空间分布来看,唐山、邯郸两地区集中了整个京津冀地区一半以上的钢铁企业,其污染物排放量占到了整个区域钢铁企业排放总量的一半以上.