Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

模拟及河道实验浮床水芹根系生长及生物量分配对比研究

为了对比研究浮床植物水芹菜在模拟及野外河道实验中根系生长及生物量分配的差异性,探索水芹浮床模拟实验与实际应用中的差异性,我们在实验河道边放置水箱,通过抽取河水到水箱中设置水芹浮床水箱模拟实验,并且与河道中水芹浮床实验作对比。结果发现:河道和水箱中植物根系指标除了平均根直径外其他指标随着水芹的生长以指数方式增长,平均根直径随着水芹的生长以指数方式下降;在根系总长度、根系总表面积、根系分叉数、根系交叠数方面,水箱中的水芹显著大于河道中的水芹(p0.05);水箱浮床水芹根系指标的增长速度大于地上部分的增长速度,河道中水芹地上部分增长速度要大于地下部分;水芹冠根比随时间的变化呈现出先下降后上升趋势,水箱中水芹冠根比的变化速率更小。水箱中的水芹受到了营养条件的限制,用模拟水芹浮床来研究其净化效率时,在一定程度上(与实际应用相比)高估了河道水芹浮床根系部分的作用。     

微核技术在垃圾场周围水环境污染状况监测中的应用

利用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术对成都市长安垃圾场周围水环境进行生态监测,用蚕豆根尖细胞测定各采样点水样的微核率(MCN)及污染指数(IP),并进行F检验.结果显示,各样点的微核率有显著性差异.在9个采样点中有6个的污染指数在2以上,其中属重度污染区有2个,中度污染区有4个,和对照组相比差异非常显著(p＜0.01).表明垃圾场周围水环境受到了不同程度的污染.     

雾化生物反应器培养青蒿毛状根生产青蒿素

利用超声雾化生物反应器进行青蒿毛状根多层培养生产青蒿素．对超声雾化生物反应器中营养雾流动状况及毛状根生长过程的形态特征进行观察,并在合适的工艺条件下,经20d分批培养获得生物量10．3g／L,青蒿素产量179．1mg／L．     

花生施用燃煤烟气脱硫副产物研究初报

主要研究了施用燃煤烟气脱硫副产物（石膏和粉煤灰）对花生性状的影响。结果表明,在广东浅海沉积砖红壤上,施用脱硫副产物对盆栽花生出苗、根系及其营养生长、花生花针生长发育等均产生一定的抑制作用;抑制程度与脱硫副产物施用量有关。但在添加1%、5%、10%的脱硫副产物条件下,花生根瘤数量及质量均比不施脱硫副产物的处理有成倍地增加,若添加量达到20%则会对根瘤生长繁殖产生明显的抑制。施用脱硫副产物提高了花生的产量,在施用量达到土壤质量1%的条件下,花生获得最高产量,且根瘤生长繁殖受到促进,故该施用量是该实验的最优处理。     

Iron (Fe2+)-induced toxicity produces morphological and physiological changes in roots in Panax ginseng grown in hydroponics

ABSTRACT

Rusty roots markedly influence on ginseng cultivation, and this phenomenon often attributed to iron (Fe) induced toxicity. To examine the physiological mechanisms underlying Fe-initiated toxicity as evidenced by rusty roots in Panax ginseng, morphological and physiological changes in roots were investigated in hydroponics using Fe²⁺ concentrations of 50 (control), 100, 200, 400 or 600 µM. Compared with control, reddish-brown deposition at the root surface increasingly appeared as Fe²⁺ concentration increased (≥200 µM). The pH also rose as Fe levels were elevated. Higher external Fe²⁺ concentrations produced changes in root organelles and cell structures. Structural alterations in mitochondria due to excess Fe storage, protoplast shrinkage and cell vacuolation as well as formation of central vacuole with deposits in roots were observed. In addition, apparent cell wall thickening, cell wall folding and shrinkage, damage of cell membranes and a large amount of cell debris occurred at higher external Fe²⁺ concentrations (≥400 µM). The Fe²⁺ mediated damage resulting in morphological and physiological changes in ginseng roots was concentration and pH dependent.     

Are shocks to natural gas consumption transitory or permanent? A more powerful panel unit root test on the G7 countries

This article re‐examines the persistence in natural gas consumption using an alternative methodology. We compare the results of traditional panel unit root tests with those provided by Bahmani‐Oskooee et al., which allow for both sharp and smooth breaks. Our analysis uses data for the G7 countries over the 1965–2016 years. The empirical findings show that while traditional unit root tests with sharp breaks lean towards the non‐stationarity of the series for all the G7 countries, modeling breaks in our unit root testing methodology can assert that natural gas consumption is non‐stationary only for Canada, France, Italy, and USA. These results imply that, for the majority of our sample, energy demand management policies designed to shrink energy consumption will have temporary effects, as energy consumption will return to its trend path.     

Dissolution of different zinc salts and Zn uptake by Sedum alfredii and maize in mono- and co-cropping under hydroponic culture

Previous soil pot and field experiments demonstrated that co-cropping the hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii with maize increased Zn phytoextraction by S. alfredii and decreased Zn uptake by maize shoots. This hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate whether the facilitation of Zn phytoextraction by S. alfredii resulted from improved dissolution in this co-cropping system and its relation to root exudates. S. alfredii and maize were mono-and co-cropped (without a root barrier) in nutrient solution spiked with four Zn compounds, ZnS, ZnO, Zn3(PO4)2 and 5ZnO·2CO3·4H2O (represented as ZnCO3 ) at 1000 mg/L Zn for 15 days without renewal of nutrient solution after pre-culture. The root exudates were collected under incomplete sterilization and analyzed. The results indicated that the difference in Zn salts had a greater influence on the Zn concentration in maize than for S. alfredii, varying from 210-2603 mg/kg for maize shoots and 6445-12476 mg/kg for S. alfredii in the same order: ZnCO3 > ZnO >Zn3(PO4)2 > ZnS. For the four kinds of Zn sources in this experiment, co-cropping with maize did not improve Zn phytoextraction by S. alfredii. In most cases, compared to co-cropped and mono-cropped maize, mono-cropped S. alfredii resulted in the highest Zn2+ concentration in the remaining nutrient solution, and also had a higher total concentration of low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOA) and lower pH of root exudation. Root exudates did partly influence Zn hyperaccumulation in S. alfredii.     

根表铁膜在人工湿地磷去除中的作用及基质的影响

本研究构建了基质铁含量分别为10.68％、23.52％、44.20％和pH分别为7.0、7.3、7.9的3个水平潜流人工湿地实验系统,在对污水进行5个月处理后,分析了各系统不同区域植物根表铁膜形成量及植物、基质、根表铁膜中磷的分配量,以期阐明植物根表铁膜在人工湿地磷去除中的作用及基质的影响.结果表明,经过5个月的污水处理,3个系统植物根表都出现了明显的铁膜,形成量在15 ～35 g·kg-1(以根干重计)之间,铁膜的形成量受到基质铁含量和pH共同影响,基质铁含量的增加,同时pH不增加或增加幅度较小时,铁膜形成量会相应增加;但若含铁基质材料碱性较强时,基质铁含量增加导致pH大幅增加时,根表铁膜形成量则不随基质铁含量增加而增加3个系统铁膜中磷含量都在20g·kg-1(以根干重计)左右,相差不大,铁膜磷含量受基质对磷的竞争和植物吸收转移影响.各系统中,铁膜单位磷含量远高于植物和基质,并且分配在铁膜中的磷总量既高于植物地上部分也高于地下部分,甚至与植物地上和地下部分总和接近,表明铁膜在人工湿地中是一个重要的磷吸附截留部位,对人工湿地磷的去除具有重要作用.