室内空气高浓度苯系物的蚕豆根尖遗传毒性研究

蚕豆根尖微核(micronucleus,MCN)检测技术是一项检测水环境致突性因素的成熟技术,该研究采用敏感的松滋青皮蚕豆为材料,在密闭容器中模拟室内空气的高浓度苯系物污染,对蚕豆根尖进行染毒,然后用显微镜观察蚕豆根尖细胞中的微核.通过对实验结果进行污染指数(PI)和t检验分析表明:在所有实验浓度下,苯、甲苯和二甲苯都对蚕豆根尖细胞产生了遗传毒害效应;对受试物质量浓度和微核率进行一元线性回归分析后得到线性方程,表明二者间存在线性关系.该实验结果还表明,利用蚕豆根尖微核检测技术检测室内空气中较高浓度的苯系物污染是完全可行的.      

蚕豆根细胞慧星试验对西河水诱变性检测

本文采用新建立的蚕豆根细胞慧星试验对南充市西河三个污染断面河水污染物的DNA损伤作用进行了监测。结果表明,所监测的三个点均存在较明显的诱变剂／致癌剂污染;新建立的蚕豆根细胞慧星试验的灵敏度足以直接检测水体环境致突变／致癌物的污染。     

Effect of imazaquin applications on the growth,leaf chlorophyll and yield of soybean in the Guinea Savanna of Nigeria

Abstract

Field trials were conducted during the wet seasons of 1989, 1991, 1994 and 1995 to evaluate the effects of pre‐emergence and post‐emergence applications of four rates of imazaquin (0.00; 0.15; 0.30 and 0.45kg a.i/ha) on the growth, leaf chlorophyll types and grain yield of soybean c.v. SAMSOY 2. Imazaquin applications had no significant effect on the growth of soybean roots on most of the sampling dates, but pre‐and post‐emergence applications of imazaquin at 0.30 and 0.45kg a.i/ha reduced soybean root nodules at 5 and 7 weeks after planting (WAP). Soybean shoot growth was generally reduced at 5WAP by the pre‐emergence and at 7WAP by the higher rates (0.30 & 0.45kg a.i/ha) of post‐emergence application of imazaquin. Pre‐and post‐emergence applications of imazaquin showed a strong tendency to reduce the concentration of chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll at at 3 and 5WAP respectively. The concentrations of chlorophyll types in soybean leaves at 9WAP was generally comparable among most treatments especially in 1991. Whole plant fresh weight of soybean at 7WAP was reduced by all rates of post‐emergence application of imazaquin. However, there was no significant difference in the whole plant dry weight of soybean at 3 to 7 WAP in 1989 and at 3, 5 and 9WAP in 1991. In each trial, pre‐and post‐emergence applications of soybean significantly increased the grain yield of soybean compared with the control treatment. This study showed that, inhibition of soybean shoot growth and leaf chlorophyll concentration was transient and that soybean plants require about 6 weeks for complete recovery from imazaquin phytotoxicity.     

黄姜组培快繁技术试验研究

分别以黄姜茎段、叶片、块根为外植体,进行无菌系建立、芽分化、生根等试验,探讨黄姜组培快繁技术.结果表明:(1)茎段在①MS BA1.0 mg.L-1 NAA0.2 mg.L-1(单位下同);③MS BA2.0 NAA0.2;⑤B5 BA1.0 NAA0.2;⑦B5 BA2.0 NAA0.2四个培养基上培养,均能诱导出愈伤组织,但尤以⑦号培养基长势最佳;而在这四个培养基上接种的叶片因为全被污染,无愈伤组织形成.(2)块根在②MS BA1.0 NAA0.5;④MS BA2.0 NAA0.5;⑥B5 BA1.0 NAA0.5;⑧B5 BA2.0 NAA0.5四个培养基上均不能诱导成愈伤组织.(3)愈伤组织在①~⑧号共八个培养基上均能分化出芽,但分化率不一,以③号最高(达100%),④号最低(25.0%).(4)当丛生芽长至高约3~4 cm时,转接到以MS或1/2MS为基本培养基、附加有不同浓度NAA和IBA的培养基中,进行生根培养.生长素NAA与IBA配合均能诱导生根,NAA的浓度增高对根的诱导有抑制作用,而且使苗的生长受阻,出现叶片卷曲现象,用1/2MS与用MS相比,用1/2MS生根更粗壮.(5)将经过炼苗的生根试管苗移栽到混有河沙和砻糠灰(体积比为1:2)的复合基质中,移栽后35 d成活率达到87%以上.     

ROOT BIOMASS IN RELATION TO CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY OF HEADWATER STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: Intact riparian zones are the product of an incredibly complex multitude of linkages between the geomorphic, hydrologic, and biotiè features of the ecosystem. Land‐use activities that sever or alter these linkages result in ecosystem degradation. We examined the relationship between riparian vegetation and channel morphology by sampling species composition and herbaceous root biomass in incised (down‐cut and widened) versus unincised (intact) sections of unconstrained reaches in three headwater streams in northeastern Oregon. Incision resulted in a compositional shift from wetland‐obligate plant species to those adapted to drier environments. Root biomass was approximately two times greater in unincised sections than incised sections and decreased with depth more rapidly in incised sections than in unincised sections. Total root biomass ranged from 2,153 g m^‐2 to 4,759 g m^‐2 in unincised sections and from 1,107 g m^‐2 to 2,215 g m^‐2 in incised sections. In unincised sections less than 50 percent of the total root biomass was found in the top 10 cm, with approximately 20 percent in successive 10‐cm depth increments. In contrast, incised sections had greater than 60 percent of the total root biomass in the top 10 cm, approximately 15 percent in the 10 to 20 cm depth, less than 15 percent in the 20 to 30 cm depth, and less than 10 percent in the 30 to 40 cm depth. This distribution of root biomass suggests a positive feedback between vegetation and channel incision: as incision progresses, there is a loss of hydrologic connectivity, which causes a shift to a drier vegetation assemblage and decreased root structure, resulting in a reduced erosive resistance capacity in the lower zone of the streambank, thereby allowing further incision and widening.     

电子垃圾拆解区污染池塘中鱼类多氯联苯及其代谢产物的组织分配及暴露风险

对一受电子垃圾污染池塘内两种鱼类(鲮鱼和乌鳢)体内各组织中多氯联苯(PCBs)及其甲磺基代谢产物(Me SO2-PCBs)进行了分析.鲮鱼和乌鳢体内各组织中总PCBs(ΣPCBs)的平均含量分别为560~10 462 ng·g-1和580~50 492ng·g-1(湿重),两种鱼体内肝脏中的PCBs含量均高于其他组织.PCBs在鱼体组织内的分布与不同组织的脂肪含量有关.鲮鱼和乌鳢体内各组织中ΣMe SO2-PCBs的平均含量分别为0.44~53 ng·g-1和1.86~132 ng·g-1,这一浓度水平比之前国外报道的最高浓度高1个数量级.除PCB149外,鲮鱼体内手性PCB单体的EF值与沉积物相比存在下降趋势;而在乌鳢体内则正相反,在鲮鱼体内已下降的EF值在乌鳢体内则出现回升,有些单体的EF值甚至高于沉积物.这一结果可能表明PCBs在两种鱼体内的手性选择性代谢特征正好相反.鱼体内高含量的ΣPCBs和ΣMe SO2-PCBs对当地居民具有较高的暴露风险,因此,限制这些鱼类在市场的流通对于降低当地居民健康风险具有重要意义.     

秸秆覆盖条件下小麦生长季根系呼吸对土壤呼吸作用的贡献

在紫色土丘陵区连续6年进行秸秆覆盖试验的"旱三熟"农田系统中,于2012年12月—2013年4月小麦生长季内对土壤呼吸进行测定,并对小麦根系生物量、土壤温度、土壤水分和土壤有机碳含量等指标进行监测,以分析土壤呼吸动态变化的影响因素.结果表明,秸秆覆盖措施显著提高了土壤呼吸速率,秸秆覆盖(S)和秸秆覆盖+腐熟剂(SD)处理分别比对照(CK)增加了45.0%和29.4%.曲线估计表明,土壤呼吸作用与根系生物量呈显著线性关系,通过建立二者的线性回归方程,采用生物量外推法估算小麦根系呼吸作用占土壤呼吸作用的比例,在分蘖期(2012年12月)、拔节期(2013年1月)、抽穗期(2012年3月)和灌浆期(2013年4月),根系呼吸分别占土壤呼吸的28.2%、44.0%、56.9%、56.2%,平均贡献为46.3%,并呈先增加再降低的趋势,在抽穗期达到最大,与根系生物量的变化同步.按照不同处理建立根系生物量与土壤呼吸间的线性回归方程,经计算得出CK、S和SD 3个处理中,根系呼吸作用占土壤呼吸作用的比例分别为42.9%、43.8%和43.7%,秸秆覆盖对根系呼吸作用比例无显著影响.     

A comparison on the phytoremediation ability of triazophos by different macrophytes

The strategy of choosing suitable plants should receive great performance in phytoremediation of surface water polluted by triazophos(O,O-diethyl-O-(1-phenyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-base) sulfur phosphate, TAP), which is an organophosphorus pesticide widespread applied for agriculture in China and moderately toxic to higher animal and fish. The tolerance, uptake, transformation and removal of TAP by twelve species of macrophytes were examined in a hydroponic system and a comprehensive score(CS) of five parameters(relative growth rate(RGR), biomass, root/shoot ratio, removal capacity(RC), and bio-concentration factor(BCF)) by factor analysis was employed to screen the potential macrophyte species for TAP phytoremediation. The results showed that Thalia dealbata, Cyperus alternifolius, Canna indica and Acorus calamus had higher RGR values, indicating these four species having stronger growth capacity under TAP stress. The higher RC loading in Iris pseudacorus and Cyperus rotundus were 42.11 and 24.63 μg/(g fw·day), respectively. The highest values of BCF occurred in A. calamus(1.17), and TF occurred in Eichhornia crassipes(2.14). Biomass and root/shoot ratio of plant showed significant positive correlation with first-order kinetic constant of TAP removal in the hydroponic system, indicating that plant biomass and root system play important roles in remediation of TAP. Five plant species including C. alternifolius, A. calamus, T. dealbata, C. indica and Typha orientalis, which owned higher CS, would be potential species for TAP phytoremediation of contaminated water bodies.     

乙酰甲胺磷和汞单一及复合污染对黄瓜发芽及幼苗生长的影响

有机磷农药和重金属是目前我国土壤中较常见的污染物。本文以黄瓜种子为供试作物,研究了重金属汞与农药乙酰甲胺磷单一污染及复合污染对其发芽率以及幼苗生长的毒害效应。结果表明,Hg2+与乙酰甲胺磷单一污染及复合污染对黄瓜种子的发芽率、芽长和根伸长的生态毒性敏感程度依次为:根伸长>芽长>发芽率,Hg2+与乙酰甲胺磷单一污染及复合污染对黄瓜幼苗的毒害效应均较明显。复合污染对黄瓜种子发芽指标和幼苗生长的抑制效应表现为协同作用,其结果是复合污染的整体生态毒性效应增强。研究结果为进一步研究农药和重金属复合污染的生态毒性提供基础资料。     

镉对河南华溪蟹副性腺组织的氧化性损伤作用

为了探明慢性镉胁迫对河南华溪蟹(Sinopotamon henanense)副性腺的生殖毒性作用,实验设置了2个镉浓度组(0.725和1.45 mg·L-1)、1个对照组、3个处理时间(7、14和28 d),研究了镉在副性腺组织的积累,以及镉对副性腺组织细胞结构、抗氧化酶,如超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)活性及脂质过氧化水平(MDA含量)、蛋白质羰基化(PCO含量)和DNA-蛋白质交联(DPC)的影响.结果显示,镉处理后在河南华溪蟹副性腺组织中的积累显著或极显著高于对照组,且随着时间的延长和镉浓度的增加,副性腺组织镉的积累逐渐增高;副性腺组织细胞结构发生了不同程度的改变,主要表现为上皮细胞与基膜分离甚至破裂导致细胞核丢失.镉浓度0.725和1.45 mg·L-1条件下处理28 d,基膜结构发生明显改变,上皮细胞和基膜之间出现较大空腔,上皮细胞细胞核变形.SOD和GPx活性先升后降,而CAT的活性则随着镉浓度的增加逐渐升高;PCO含量和DPC均随着时间的延长和浓度的增加而显著升高;MDA含量也呈明显的升高趋势,但在28 d有所下降.表明慢性镉胁迫对河南华溪蟹副性腺产生了明显的氧化损伤,可能会影响副性腺正常的生理功能.