低湖田生态系统特点及开发利用研究

阐述了低湖田生态系统中的生物系统、土壤系统同水土体系的相互作用,分析了低湖田生态系统中的土壤特性及资源优势潜力。主要表现为：水温、泥温低,土壤通透性能差,结构不良;土壤处于强还原状态,有毒还原性物质含量高,不利于作物的正常生长;土壤微生物活动弱,微生物生物量显著低于正常土壤;土壤有机质矿化慢,土壤供氮能力弱,缺磷、缺锌严重。而水生经济植物莲藕的生物学特性决定其地下茎具有发达的通气组织,保证了植株在水中的正常呼吸和新陈代谢的需要,同时还能改善土壤通气性能和土壤氧化还原状态,增强土壤微生物活力,加快土壤有机质矿化状况。着重从低湖田生态系统所具备的优势入手,对低湖田的作物系统、土壤系统和水土体系进行了比较和分析,其作物生物量排序为：莲藕＞茭白＞菱＞水稻, 其作物产量排序为：莲藕＞茭白＞菱＞水稻;对作物系统的主体作物进行了优化,对土壤系统的关键营养元素进行了调控（N:P:K:16:16:16）,合理利用水土体系的特点构建生物共生的模式,提出了合理利用低湖田资源优势的措施和开发模式（鱼藕共生模式）,提高低湖田生态系统综合开发效益的整体水平。     

Chitin biodegradation and wound healing in tree bark tissues

Chitin biodegradation and wounded bark tissue healing were demonstrated in several evergreen and deciduous trees by dressing with a sheet of chitin-containing films or sponges. Chitinase activities in the tree bark tissues around the wounds were enhanced by this treatment up to four times those of the untreated wounds. Significant seasonal changes of chitinase activities were observed with the bark and leaf tissues of deciduous trees, but few with those of evergreen trees. A sheet of chitin films implanted or dressed in the tree bark tissues was biodegraded within 4 to 24 weeks after implantation and was assimilated into the wounded bark tissues, resulting in the stimulation of the wounded bark tissue healing.     

POTENTIAL,ACTUAL, AND EQUILIBRIUM EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN A WHEAT FIELD 1

ABSTRACT: This paper examines the relationship between both potential (E*) and nonpotential evapotranspiration and equilibrium evapotranspiration (EQ) in an irrigated wheat field in southcentral Alberta, Canada. The control exercised by surface wetness and root reservoir moisture content in determining the value of the Priestley-Taylor constant a is explored. Also investigated is the relationship between a and the vapor flux fraction ET/(R-G) where ET is the actual evapotranspiration, R the net radiation, and G the soil heat flux. It is shown that evapotranspiration occurred at the potential rate (E*) when the available soil moisture (ASM) within the root zone was ≥3 percent. a varied from 0.84 for a dry soil to 1.49 for a saturated soil. The mean a for E* was 1.24. Surface wetness sustained evapotranspiration at the potential rate when such wetting exceeded 2mm d^?1 following a period of prolonged drawdown of soil moisture, α and ET/(R-G) were positively correlated and this correlation strengthened with increasing soil moisture for constant values of the energy partitioning factor s+γ/s where s is the slope of the saturation humidity-temperature curve and γ is the psychrometric constant. ET=EQ when ETI(R-G) lay within the range of 0.59 to 0.82 corresponding to Bowen ratio (β) values of 0.22 and 0.69, respectively.     

THE FLEXIBLE TOLERANCE METHOD FOR ESTIMATING HYDROLOGIC PARAMETERS IN THE ROOT ZONE1

In this study, a constrained minimization method, the flexible tolerance method, was used to solve the optimization problems for determining hydrologic parameters in the root zone: water uptake rate, spatial root distribution, infiltration rate, and evaporation. Synthetic soil moisture data were first generated using the Richards' equation and its associated initial and boundary conditions, and these data were then used for the inverse analyses. The results of inverse simulation indicate the following. If the soil moisture data contain no noise, the rate of estimated water uptake and spatial root distribution parameters are equal to the true values without using constraints. If there is noise in the observed data, constraints must be used to improve the quality of the estimate results. In the estimation of rainfall infiltration and surface evaporation, interpolation methods should be used to reduce the number of unknowns. A fewer number of variables can improve the quality of inversely estimated parameters. Simultaneous estimation of spatial root distribution and water uptake rate or estimation of evaporation and water uptake rate is possible. The method was used to estimate the water uptake rate, spatial root distribution, infiltration rate, and evaporation using long‐term soil moisture data collected from Nebraska's Sand Hills.     

模拟根系分泌物对土壤吸附菲的影响

采用批量平衡试验方法,研究了模拟根系分泌物(ARE)对黄棕壤、棕红壤和红壤吸附菲的影响.结果表明,3种土壤对菲的等温吸附曲线均为线性,加入ARE后,土壤吸附菲的分配系数(Kd)和有机碳标化的分配系数(Koc)显著降低,且降低量随着ARE浓度的增加而增大,表明ARE抑制了土壤对菲的吸附.土壤有机质含量越低,ARE对土壤吸附菲的抑制作用越明显.分析土样吸附菲的平衡溶液中水溶性有机质(DOM)浓度,发现加入ARE后土壤有机质含量略有降低(1.64%),而DOM浓度增大,DOM与菲的结合作用对土壤吸附菲的抑制作用增强,这可能是ARE抑制土壤吸附菲的主要原因.     

重金属（Hg，As，Pb）污染对蚕豆根尖细胞微核的诱变研究

采用蚕豆根尖细胞微核检测技术,分别探讨不同浓度的HgCl2、As2O3、Pb（NO3）2对蚕豆根尖细胞微核率的影响。以蒸馏水处理作为阴性对照实验。结果表明不同浓度的HgCl2可使蚕豆根尖细胞微核率明显上升,说明HgCl2对蚕豆根尖具有明显的毒性效应——诱发突变（微核）。不同浓度As2O3可使蚕豆根尖细胞微核率明显上升。说明三氧化二砷（As2O3）对蚕豆根尖具有明显的毒性效应——诱发突变（微核）。蚕豆根尖微核率在铅离子浓度0—25mg／L范围内,随着硝酸铅处理浓度的升高而升高,说明硝酸铅是一种较强的诱变剂。     

焦亚硫酸钠对大鼠背根节神经元L-型钙电流的影响

为了探讨二氧化硫(SO2)及其衍生物对背根节神经元的生理调节作用,应用全细胞膜片钳技术,研究了SO2衍生物焦亚硫酸钠(sodiummetabisulfite,SMB)对大鼠背根节神经元L-型钙电流(ICa,L)的影响.结果表明,SMB可增大ICa,L,且具有剂量依赖性和电压依赖性的特征.SMB可使ICa,L的激活和失活过程均向去极化方向移动,但对失活的影响要大于对激活的影响,从而可导致背根节神经元钙离子内流增大,引起细胞内钙离子浓度增加.这说明SO2及其衍生物对背根节神经元的生理功能有调节作用,当其浓度过高时也可能引起该神经元的病理生理改变.     

两种常用兽药对作物发芽的生态毒性效应

采用室内生长箱培养的试验方法,研究了2种常用兽药磺胺嘧啶钠、环丙沙星对小麦、白菜和番茄种子发芽、根伸长、芽伸长的影响,分析了兽药和作物生长之间的剂量.效应关系,比较分析了小麦,白菜和番茄对2种兽药胁迫的敏感性.结果表明,根长抑制率和芽长抑制率与兽药浓度显著相关(p<0.05);种子发芽抑制率与2种兽药浓度不相关(p>0.05).2种兽药对根伸长和芽伸长的抑制明显强于对种子发芽的抑制.3种作物对磺胺嘧啶钠胁迫的敏感性依次为小麦＞白菜＞番茄;对环丙沙星胁迫的敏感性依次为白菜＞番茄＞小麦;磺胺嘧啶钠对3种作物的毒性效应明显强于环丙沙星.     

Effects of maize root exudates and organic acids on the desorption of phenanthrene from soils

The effects of maize root exudates and low-molecular-weight-organic anions (LMWOAs) on the desorption of phenanthrene from eight artificially contaminated soils were evaluated. A significant negative correlation was observed between the amounts of phenanthrene desorbed and the soil organic carbon (SOC) contents (P<0.01), and the influences of soil pH and clay content on phenanthrene desorption were insignificant (P>0.1). Neither maize root exudates nor oxalate and citrate anions influenced desorption of phenanthrene with the addition of NAN3. A faster phenanthrene desorption occurred without the addition of NaN3 in the presence of maize root exudates than oxalate or citrate due to the enhanced degradation by root exudates. Without the addition of NaN3, oxalate or citrate at different concentrations could inhibit phenanthrene desorption to different extents and the inhibiting effect by citrate was more significant than by oxalate. This study leads to the conclusion that maize root exudates can not enhance the desorption under abiotic condition with the addition of NaN3 and can promote the desorption of phenanthrene in soils without the addition of NAN3.     

2种基因型菜心根系解剖结构差异及其对DEHP吸收累积的影响

在前期筛选出油青60 d菜心和特青60 d菜心分别为PAEs高/低吸收累积基因型菜心的基础上,对其进行邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)不同污染水平(20 mg.L-1、50 mg.L-1)的溶液培养试验,对比研究2种基因型菜心根系解剖结构的差异性,初步探讨其与菜心吸收累积DEHP的关系.结果表明,油青60 d菜心和特青60 d菜心的根系解剖结构及其对DEHP污染处理下的响应均存在显著差异.油青60 d菜心根系和茎叶中DEHP含量均主要受主根形成层外围厚度和须根中柱直径控制,决定系数分别为0.900和0.809.特青60 d菜心根系中DEHP含量主要受主根形成层外围厚度和须根皮层厚度控制,决定系数为0.757;茎叶中DEHP含量主要受主根形成层外围厚度控制,决定系数为0.856.油青60 d菜心根系木射线细胞形状以排列规则的长方形为主,主根木栓层厚度和须根皮层厚度较小,须根中柱直径、导管数和导管直径较大,表明油青60 d菜心根系比特青60 d菜心更有利于对DEHP的吸收累积.