我国红豆杉资源现状和紫杉醇产业化对策

红豆杉资源匮乏是制约我国紫杉醇产业化发展的关键问题,野生资源的合理利用,红豆杉的人工种植和细胞培养技术是目前主要的解决途径,在分析我国红豆杉植物的野生资源的分布和资源蕴藏量,总结我国红豆杉人工扦插技术研究的主要成果和综述了国内红豆杉细胞培养的研究进展的基础上,通过对上述主要资源提供途径的现状和可操作性的比较分析,明确指出大规模,规范化人工种植红豆杉是当前解决红豆杉产业化过程中的资源匮乏的主要途径;建议在切实保护野生红豆杉资源的同时,有计划地合理利用野生红豆杉植株的小枝和针叶。     

模拟湿地植物根系分泌物对酸性矿山废水沉淀物中Fe、Mn释放及形态的影响

为研究人工湿地处理酸性矿山废水(acid mine drainage,AMD)系统中植物根系分泌物对根际环境沉淀物中Fe、Mn活性的影响,评估人工湿地处理AMD时对Fe、Mn固持作用的稳定性及可靠性,选用植物根系分泌物中常见的柠檬酸、苹果酸及草酸来模拟植物根系分泌物对沉淀物中Fe、Mn的释放及形态影响。结果表明:3种有机酸对根际环境沉淀物中Fe、Mn的释放均产生不同程度的影响,相同浓度下的有机酸对Fe的影响顺序为:柠檬酸>苹果酸>草酸,对Mn的影响顺序为:柠檬酸>草酸>苹果酸。随着有机酸浓度的增加,沉淀物中Fe、Mn的释放量逐渐增加,且Fe的释放量大于Mn。形态分析结果表明,在有机酸参与前沉淀物中Fe、Mn主要以可还原态形式存在,当添加3种不同浓度的有机酸后,沉淀物中的可还原态Fe、Mn极不稳定,易向可交换态发生转变,而残渣态与可氧化态则较为稳定,说明沉淀物中残渣态与可氧化态的Fe、Mn在人工湿地中是Fe、Mn去除的重要途径。     

狼尾草根系分泌物对黑土吸附阿特拉津的影响研究

采用批量平衡试验方法,研究狼尾草根系分泌物对黑土吸附阿特拉津的影响.结果用Evolich方程(R2>0.97)和准二级动力学模型(R2>0.99)进行拟合,两者都表现出较好拟合度.用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程描述土壤吸附阿特拉津的过程,其中,Freundlich方程拟合结果较好(R2>0.91),而Langmuir方程中R2<0.60,加入狼尾草根系分泌物后,吸附平衡常数Kf明显减小,参数1/n增大到1左右,属于较难吸附,表明狼尾草根系分泌物对阿特拉津可能有抑制作用,且根系分泌物浓度不同,影响程度不同.     

芘胁迫对5种羊茅属植物根系分泌的几类低分子量有机物的影响

根系分泌物与有机污染物的植物修复过程密切相关,研究胁迫条件下不同修复潜力植物根系分泌物的释放特征有助于揭示植物修复的内在机制.借助根际袋土培试验研究了芘胁迫(10~160 mg·kg~(-1))下5种羊茅属植物在不同胁迫期(30~70d)时根系分泌物中几种低分子量有机物的释放特征.结果表明:1芘胁迫促进了根系对可溶性糖的分泌:随着胁迫水平的升高、胁迫期的延长,其分泌量呈"先升后降"变化趋势,胁迫水平为C3(40.36 mg·kg~(-1))、胁迫期为40 d时达到最大值;修复潜力越大,趋势越明显.2芘胁迫增强了根系对低分子量有机酸的释放,修复潜力越大,释放高峰值出现时的胁迫浓度越高,且主要以草酸、乙酸、乳酸和苹果酸为主(98.15%),但修复潜力较强物种的根系分泌物中也检测到微量反丁烯二酸.3芘胁迫对氨基酸的种类影响不大,但对分泌量影响较大:苏氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸的分泌量随着胁迫水平的升高而剧增;脯氨酸、羟脯氨酸和天冬氨酸对芘胁迫的响应近乎以功能群的形式参与植物修复过程,参与的组分越多,修复潜力越强.可见,芘胁迫下根系分泌物中可溶性糖、低分子量有机酸以及氨基酸的释放特征与植物自身的修复潜力有关;修复潜力越强,释放量越多且成分越复杂,并表现出更强的环境适应性及生理可塑性.     

Enhanced adaptability of Sesbania rostrata to Pb/Zn tailings via stem nodulation

Sesbania rostrata is wellknown for its stem nodulation, but the roles of stem nodulation in root nodulation and adaptation of S. rostrata to Pb/Zn-enriched tailings environment has been poorly understood. We investigated the effects of inoculating (with stem nodule treatment) and non-inoculating (without stem nodule treatment) Azorhizobium caulinodans on the growth, root nodulation, and N fixation of S. rostrata grown on three different types of soil substrata: Pb/Zn tailings, garden soil amended tailings, ...     

抽油井"三防装置"的研制与应用

针对油井存在的盘根漏油、普通电机顶丝无法顸紧电机、普通防盗取样器防盗效果差等问题,介绍了研制的叠加复式盘根盒装置、万能顶丝及双重防盗取样器的使用效果,现场应用表明这些装置能确保抽油机井安全经济运行。     

微生物强化蜈蚣草累积土壤砷能力的研究

研究了外源添加微生物对蜈蚣草吸收砷能力及其根系参数的影响.通过室内盆栽试验研究表明,施放线菌PSQ、shf2和细菌Ts37、C13处理能明显促进植物生长.其中,shf2处理效果最显著,其生物量、根系活力和根系体积分别达11.5 g/po、t2.01μg/(g.h)、38.3 mL.施菌处理蜈蚣草植株砷含量均高于对照(CK)处理,其中Ts37处理地上部砷含量达最高837mg/kg,比同期CK处理高出206%;shf2处理地下部砷含量最高,达427 mg/kg,比同期CK处理高出88%.施用shf2菌的蜈蚣草砷积累总量最高,达5 804μg/pot,比同期CK处理高出136%.4种微生物处理在45 d内植物修复效率为8.9%~11.3%.施用微生物可有效提高蜈蚣草累积砷的能力,且以放线菌shf2效果最好.     

接种Penicilliumsp.和根际分泌物对土壤甲磺隆的协同降解研究

通过接种Penicillium sp.和模拟小麦根际环境的方法,研究了甲磺隆在Penicillium sp.和小麦根际分泌物协同作用下的生物降解特性.结果表明,根系分泌物丰富了土著微生物和外源微生物,对甲磺隆的降解具有显著的促进作用.接种Penicillium sp.的根际土壤中甲磺隆降解半衰期为8.6 d,其降解速率是接种Penicillium sp.的非根际土壤的1.8倍,是普通根际土壤的2.7倍.继续追加甲磺隆的试验表明,接种菌株Penicillium sp.对甲磺隆的降解具有可持续性.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and persistent organochlorines in Japanese human adipose tissues

The present study determined concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and persistent organochlorines (OCs) in Japanese human adipose tissues collected during 2003–2004. Concentrations of PBDEs in adipose tissues were 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than those of OCs. However, observed PBDE congener levels in this study were relatively higher than those in Japanese human adipose tissues collected during 2000 reported previously, while OC levels were comparable to those in specimens collected during 1999 reported by our group. In addition, no age-dependent accumulation of PBDEs was observed, while OC levels except chlordane compounds increased with age. These results indicate recent human exposure to PBDEs in Japan. Among PBDE congeners accumulated in Japanese adipose tissues, BDE-153 was dominant, but this trend was different from those in human milk (BDE-47) and blood (BDE-209) reported previously in Japan, implying the congener-specific kinetics in human bodies. The significant positive correlations between PBDEs and OCs were observed in Japanese adipose tissues, indicating the similar exposure route of these contaminants for Japanese citizens, probably via fish intake.