生物炭添加对湿地植物菖蒲根系通气组织和根系泌氧的影响

在处理污水的潜流人工湿地中,湿地植物容易受到缺氧胁迫.尽管菖蒲(Acorus calamus L.)是一类对缺氧条件具有显著抵抗能力的湿地植物,但菖蒲的生理响应并不能完全消除湿地长期缺氧带来的胁迫.生物炭添加能够缓解菖蒲体内超氧化物和过氧化物的积累,显著降低膜脂过氧化程度,但生物炭对缓解缺氧胁迫的具体机制尚不清晰.因此,本研究通过在温室内构建5种不同的生物炭湿地,采用植物生态学分析方法,将植物根系通气组织、根孔隙度和根系泌氧相结合,研究菖蒲根部组织对生物炭添加的响应机制.结果表明,通过在传统潜流人工湿地中添加生物炭,有利于菖蒲形成根系通气组织,增大根孔隙度,生物炭投加量与根孔隙度具有显著正相关关系.在湿地中添加生物炭将利于O_2通过通气组织传输至地下部分,并以根系泌氧(radial oxygen loss,ROL)的形式扩散至根际,显著提高根系泌氧量.与其它光强相比,在3 000μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)条件下,菖蒲泌氧能力较强,生物炭投加比例对植物ROL的影响不显著.     

苦草（Vallisneria natans）根系对沉积物中各形态磷的影响

采用磷分级提取的方法研究苦草(Vallisneria natans)生长过程中根系分布与沉积物不同形态磷和总磷的变化过程.在实验开始后20、50、80 d,分别测定苦草根系在沉积物的分布及沉积物中各形态磷的垂直变化.结果表明,苦草根系在实验装置中垂直分布在0~14 cm区域内.平均每株苦草根系根数为58条,平均根长为5.86 cm.苦草根系生物量在沉积物深度0~3、4~6、7~10、11~14 cm分配的质量分数分别为45.99%、32.75%、16.03%、5.23%.沉积物中总磷(TP),NaOH提取磷(NaOH-P)和有机磷(OP)含量在苦草根系分布集中区域内显著降低(P<0.05).HCl提取磷(HCl-P)和无机磷(IP)的含量无显著差异(P>0.05).     

电磁辐射环境的潜在致突变水平

通过蚕豆根尖细胞微核试验,对微波通信基站和广播电台周围环境电磁辐射水平进行监测,了解了不同电磁辐射强度与蚕豆根尖细胞微核率之间的关系。指出较强电磁辐射水平对蚕豆根尖微核率的形成具有显著影响,电磁辐射环境可能存在潜在的致突变危险。建议国家有关部门应尽快对有关场所中的电磁辐射环境,以及对公众健康影响的问题作深入研究,制定可操作性法规,并明确界定有关场所可执行的标准,使建筑物高层电磁辐射环境污染得到有效地控制和管理。     

壬基酚在鱼体组织中的累积及对鱼类性腺的影响

采用HPLC法测定了在一定条件下暴露后鲤鱼和草鱼体内壬基酚的含量和分布,分析了鱼类性腺重量的变化.结果表明,在试验浓度下,20～25d后鲤鱼和草鱼体内的壬基酚可达到累积和释放的动态平衡,其最大累积系数分别为84.3和78.8,累积规律为鲤鱼>草鱼,肝脏>肌肉.受试雌鱼的性腺重量有明显的提高,相当于100ng/L17β-雌二醇(E₂)作用下鱼类性腺重量的34%～41%,表明壬基酚对鱼类具有一定的雌激素活性,且壬基酚的生物累积性和雌激素活性在产生时间和活性数值方面均是同步的和成正相关的.     

Nitrogen cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

The nitrogen (N) distribution and cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (TMCW) and marsh meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (MMCW) in the Sanjiang plain were studied by a compartment model. The results showed that the N wet deposition amount was 0.757 gN/(m2·a), and total inorganic N (TIN) was the main body (0.640 gN/(m2·a)). The ammonia volatilization amounts of TMCW and MMCW soils in growing season were 0.635 and 0.687 gN/m2, and the denitrification gaseous lost amounts were 0.617 and 0.405 gN/m2, respectively. In plant subsystem, the N was mainly stored in root and litter. Soil organic N was the main N storage of the two plant-soil systems and the proportions of it were 93.98% and 92.16%, respectively. The calculation results of N turnovers among compartments of TMCW and MMCW showed that the uptake amounts of root were 23.02 and 28.18 gN/(m2·a) and the values of aboveground were 11.31 and 6.08 gN/(m2·a), the re-translocation amounts from aboveground to root were 5.96 and 2.70 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from aboveground living body to litter were 5.35 and 3.38 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from litter to soil were larger than 1.55 and 3.01 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from root to soil were 14.90 and 13.17 gN/(m2·a), and the soil (0-15cm) N net mineralization amounts were 1.94 and 0.55 gN/(m2·a), respectively. The study of N balance indicated that the two plant-soil systems might be situated in the status of lacking N, and the status might induce the degradation of C. angustifolia wetland.     

Elevated CO2 changes the moderate shade tolerance of yellow birch seedlings

To demonstrate the existence of light thresholds in plant growth and to examine the effects of elevated CO2 on the shade tolerance of a tree species, an experiment consisting of a completely randomized design for a total of 96 yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) seedlings was conducted with 3 light levels (2.9%, 7.7%, 26.1% of full sunlight)×2 CO2 levels (350 and 700±10 ppm) with 4 replications in a phytotron. The study proved that thresholds exist and they vary in different plant organs. In ambient CO2, the thresholds were 13.3%, 18.7%, 15.0%, 15.2%, and 15.6% of full sunlight for stem, leaf, root, total plant biomass, and the averaged value, respectively. In 700 ppm CO2, the corresponding thresholds were 16.7%, 21.3%, 18.1%, 21.7% and 19.5% for stem, leaf, root, total plant biomass, and the averaged value, respectively. The lowest threshold in the stem is an indicator of the minimal light intensity for regular growth for seedlings of this species. Below this threshold, light-stressful growth occurs. The result of a paired t-test indicated that the thresholds in elevated CO2 were significantly higher than in ambient CO2. This suggests that yellow birch will lose its moderate shade tolerance, evolutionally becoming a shade-intolerant species, and that it may become more difficult to naturally regenerate in the future.     

The Structure of Energy Supply for Tissue Adaptation in Small Mammals Differing in Ecological Specialization

Multivariate factor analysis of the data on liver bioenergetics of mountain and forest voles has been performed. The specific features of tissue energy metabolism are best differentiated in the space of characters pertaining to the succinic acid oxidation system. The role of the dominant oxidation substrate in the structure of energy supply for the adaptation of tissue to a set of environmental factors in specialized and widespread species is discussed.     

蚕豆根尖微核技术监测农药污染的研究

实验应用蚕豆根尖微核技术对农药２，４－Ｄ和甲胺磷进行诱变性研究，结果表明：农药２，４－Ｄ和甲胺磷达到一定浓度时即成为诱变污染物，能明显诱发蚕豆根尖微核率的增高，在一定范围内显示出较好的剂量效应关系，说明蚕豆根尖微核技术是监测环境污染的一种有效方法。     

贵州盘县老厂竹根水的成因分析

贵州省盘县老厂竹根水, 分布面积10 km2 左右, 砂岩和玄武岩的地质环境下大面积竹林的存在是其形成的生态环境条件,雨水经过竹林-土壤-岩石的水循环过程和由此引起的含水介质的元素迁移为其水质、水量的主要原因。竹根水具有广阔的开发前景,但需要进一步涵养水源和加强对水质的保护。     

妊娠小鼠子宫对2,3,7,8-四氯苯二噁英毒性的敏感性研究

对妊娠早期小鼠用不同剂量的TCDD进行处理，妊娠第9天采集血清、肝、肾、脑、脂肪、子宫和胎儿等样品，利用酵母报道基因系统进行组织中TCDD含量检测，结果发现脂肪中TCDD含量最高，其次是肝脏、子宫和胎儿．由于TCDD的毒性需通过体内包括细胞色素P4501A2在内的代谢酶的活化，采用免疫组化的方法对TCDD诱导的该酶的表达水平进行了检测，发现肝脏和子宫的阳性反应最强，并且所需剂量很低，肾脏和脂肪组织在较高剂量出现阳性反应，而脑组织则仅在更大剂量时出现微弱的阳性信号．此现象说明子宫和肝脏一样，可以通过芳香烃类受体诱导细胞色素P4501A2酶的产生，活化TCDD，引起对细胞的毒性并产生对胚胎的毒性．在低剂量时观察到的强烈的生殖毒性应该和TCDD在子宫的蓄积和子宫内敏感的细胞色素P4501A诱导能力有关．