大半径浅圆弧的切削加工及误差分析

在机械加工中采用近似法加工空间曲面,常常使加工过程变得简单可行,而且解决了部分机床力不能及的矛盾.在此介绍了在普通铣床上用椭圆曲线网络加工大半径浅圆弧的加工原理、加工方法及其误差分析.     

Flow Dynamics in Eccentrically Rotating Flasks Used for Dispersant Effectiveness Testing

The evaluation of dispersant effectiveness used for oil spills is commonly done using tests conducted in laboratory flasks. We used a Hot Wire Anemometer (HWA) to characterize mixing dynamics in the Swirling Flask (SF) and the Baffled Flask (BF), the latter is being considered by the EPA to replace the prior to test dispersant effectiveness in the laboratory. Five rotation speeds of the orbital shaker carrying the flasks were considered, Ω = 50, 100, 150, 175 and 200 rpm. The radial and azimuthal water speeds were measured for each Ω. It was found that the flow in the SF is, in general, two-dimensional changing from horizontal at low Ω to axi-symmetric at high Ω. The flow in the BF appeared to be three-dimensional at all rotation speeds. This indicates that the BF is more suitable for representing the (inherently) 3-D flow at sea. In the SF, the speeds and energy dissipation rates ɛ increased gradually as the rotation speed increased. Those in the BF increased sharply at rotation speeds greater than 150 rpm. At 200 rpm, the Kolmogorov scale (i.e., size of smallest eddies) was about 250 and 50 μm in the SF and BF, respectively. Noting that the observed droplet sizes of dispersed oils range from 50 to 400 μm (hence most of it is less than 250 μm), one concludes that the mixing in the SF (even at 200 rpm) is not representative of the vigorous mixing occurring at sea.     

染色残液电化学处理碳素阴极材料性能比较

为实现染色残液的高效处理及废水回用,鉴于染色残液良好的导电性,选用电化学处理技术,以模拟活性红X-3B染色残液为研究对象,在钌铱形稳电极为阳极和合适的电解条件下,比较石墨板、石墨毡、炭毡、ACF（活性炭纤维毡）、碳纤维电极〔CFF（碳纤维布）、CFB（碳纤维刷）〕等碳素阴极材料的电化学处理效能.结果表明:碳素阴极材料可实现染色残液的完全脱色,活性红X-3B的降解过程符合一级反应动力学特征,其中CFF为阴极时COD_Cr去除率达到86.37%,一级动力学反应常数为0.010 3 min-1,是石墨毡（0.007 3 min-1）的1.4倍.相比于石墨板电极,CFB显示出优异的二电子氧还原和产H₂O₂能力,单位面积产H₂O₂的浓度为10.40 μmol/L,是石墨板（1.08 μmol/L）的9.7倍,产生的H₂O₂导致活性红X-3B的降解,30 min内实现完全脱色.循环伏安曲线表明,碳纤维电极（包括CFF和CFB）的析氧电位明显高于其他电极,可有效抑制析氧副反应,提高有机污染物降解过程中的电催化效率,有利于降低能耗.研究显示,碳纤维可作为阴极材料应用于电化学处理染色残液,具有良好的稳定性.      

Pd-Ni/GC电极电化学还原水中三氯甲烷的研究

通过电沉积法在玻碳板(GC)电极上负载钯镍双金属,并利用正交实验对其进行循环伏安(CV)研究. CV结果表明,钯镍双金属比钯、镍单金属具有更大的氢吸附峰值,可以在- 500 mV(以Hg/Hg2SO4 为参比电极)左右获得- 24.83 mA的氢吸附峰.扫描电镜分析(SEM)表明,镍的加入改变了钯颗粒在GC表面的分布形态,钯镍双金属颗粒形貌明显不同于钯、镍单金属颗粒,钯镍双金属颗粒粒径介于钯、镍单金属颗粒粒径之间.实验考察了脱氯电流、脱氯时间对三氯甲烷去除率的影响.三氯甲烷的去除率随脱氯电流的增大而增大,随脱氯时间的延长而提高.在优化条件下制备的Pd-Ni/GC电极在0.5 mA、180 min的脱氯条件下对三氯甲烷的去除率为42.53%.可以推测,随着脱氯时间的继续延长,三氯甲烷去除率可得到进一步提高.     

电化学法测定化学需氧量的研究及应用动态

总结了近年来的电化学法测定化学需氧量的研究进展及在线自动监测领域的应用现状。介绍了电化学法快速、准确和低耗、无二次污染的特点,指出了电化学法是实现化学需氧量快速检测和在线自动监测的发展方向之一,具有广阔的应用前景和深入研究的价值。     

Simulation of the flow of an explosive atmosphere exposed to a hot surface

The accidental ignition of combustible atmospheres by hot surfaces is of great concern for chemical and process plant safety. In this paper, we present our research regarding the evolution of thermal plumes originating from hot hemispheres and discs. In particular, we focus on the effect of the orientation of the surface on the ignition process. The auto-ignition temperatures and ignition locations were studied experimentally. To get further insight, we conducted detailed numerical simulations and validated them with measurements. Three-dimensional simulations were performed on hot hemispheres and hot discs for different orientations ranging from 0° to 180°. The solver employs a transient, implicit scheme which is based on the coupled heat transfer and flow equations. The mesh in the vicinity of the hot surfaces is refined to resolve the steep temperature gradients and to capture the boundary layer separation. The influence of the orientation on critical hot spots in the gas mixture is analysed by examining the flow structures and the temperature evolution of the buoyancy-driven flow. Using the obtained results, we discuss the change of the onset and location of the ignition.     

二次电池电极材料环境影响计算系统

以生命周期评价理论为基础,建立了电极材料电化学性能与环境影响的内在量化关联关系分析方法。基于Java语言,设计和编写了二次电池电极材料环境影响综合计算系统,协调考虑了二次电池的循环特性、电化学特征等,实现了环境影响评价过程中对材料质量需求的便捷计算,进而实现了整个评价操作过程的综合化、软件化和信息化,提高了评价效率。选用LiFePO_4/C,LiFe_(0.98)Ti_(0.02)PO_4/C,LiFe_(0.98)Mn_(0.02)PO_4/C和FeF_3(H_2O)_3/C 4种正极材料基于此系统进行了实例应用。     

电化学消毒法对水中大肠杆菌的灭活特性

本研究通过电化学消毒小试装置,系统考察了电极板材料、极板间距、p H、水温、Na Cl浓度等因素对水中大肠杆菌CGMCC 1.3373灭活效果的影响,并进一步考察了电化学消毒对抗生素抗性大肠杆菌CGMCC 1.1595的灭活效果及其抗性变化.结果发现,在相同的电化学消毒条件下,阳极采用钌铱涂层的钛电极板的灭活效果显著优于铅涂层和铱钽涂层电极板,并且极板间距为50 mm时灭活率最高.进一步研究表明,电化学消毒法对大肠杆菌的灭活率随水的p H升高而降低,随水温和Na Cl浓度升高而升高.在相同消毒条件下,电化学法对四环素抗性大肠杆菌的灭活率显著低于普通大肠杆菌.消毒后存活的抗性菌对四环素、青霉素、氯霉素的抗性,随消毒时间延长呈现先下降后上升的规律.     

Advanced treatment of wet-spun acrylic fiber manufacturing wastewater using three-dimensional electrochemical oxidation

A three-dimensional electrochemical oxidation(3D-EC) reactor with introduction of activated carbon(AC) as particle micro-electrodes was applied for the advanced treatment of secondary wastewater effluent of a wet-spun acrylic fiber manufacturing plant. Under the optimized conditions(current density of 500 A/m~2, circulation rate of 5 mL/min, AC dosage of 50 g, and chloride concentration of 1.0 g/L), the average removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand(COD_(cr)), NH3–N, total organic carbon(TOC), and ultraviolet absorption at 254 nm(UV_(254)) of the 3D-EC reactor were 64.5%, 60.8%, 46.4%, and 64.8%, respectively; while the corresponding effluent concentrations of COD_(cr), NH_3–N, TOC, and UV_(254) were 76.6, 20.1, and42.5 mg/L, and 0.08 Abs/cm, respectively. The effluent concentration of COD_(cr) was less than 100 mg/L, which showed that the treated wastewater satisfied the demand of the integrated wastewater discharge standard(GB 8978-1996). The 3D-EC process remarkably improved the treatment efficiencies with synergistic effects for COD_(cr), NH_3–N, TOC, and UV_(254) during the stable stage of 44.5%, 38.8%, 27.2%, and 10.9%, respectively, as compared with the sum of the efficiencies of a two-dimensional electrochemical oxidation(2D-EC) reactor and an AC adsorption process, which was ascribed to the numerous micro-electrodes of AC in the 3D-EC reactor. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry(GC–MS) analysis revealed that electrochemical treatment did not generate more toxic organics, and it was proved that the increase in acute biotoxicity was caused primarily by the production of free chlorine.     

不同材料生物转盘处理乳制品废水试验

分析比较了聚乙烯网状材料、石英砂、BioM~(TM)微生物膜载体3种转盘材料在处理乳制品工业废水挂膜启动期间的生物膜状态以及COD、NH_4~+-N、TP等指标的去除效果。结果表明:聚乙烯网状生物转盘膜厚度适中,挂膜比较均匀稳定,出水SS少。同时,网状生物转盘驯化后期COD、NH_4~+-N、TP处理效率比较稳定,波动不大,说明载体上生物膜对水质变化具有较好的抗冲击能力。可以确定,聚乙烯网状材料作为生物转盘挂膜材料具有较好的可行性和实用性。