酸化对茶园黄棕壤CEC和粘土矿物组成的影响

用采自江苏溧阳种茶13 a和34 a的茶园黄棕壤表土和种茶54 a的茶园土壤剖面研究了酸化对土壤黏土矿物组成和阳离子交换量（CEC）的影响。结果表明：种茶13 a和34 a,表层土壤发生明显酸化,但土壤2∶1型黏土矿物的质量分数和CEC均与荒地土壤相似,说明酸化没有对黏土矿物转化和CEC产生明显影响。但种茶54 a后土壤发生进一步酸化,表层和表下层土壤pH降至3.79和3.70。土壤2∶1型黏土矿物质量分数随采用深度的增加而增加,高岭石质量分数呈相反的变化趋势。说明表层和表下层土壤的严重酸化加速土壤2∶1型黏土矿物向1∶1型高岭石的转化,这导致表层和表下层土壤CEC显著减小。     

上海市郊区养殖场周边环境中砷含量特征

在上海市郊区选取5个大型养殖场,分别采集地表水、饲料、土壤及蔬菜样品,对其进行总砷及无机砷含量调查,以了解目前上海市郊区养殖场砷含量水平特征,以及有机胂饲料添加剂的使用情况.结果表明,水样中总砷含量介于0.00~23.00μg·L-1之间,低于国家规定的地表水环境质量一级标准(50μg·L-1);饲料中总砷含量在0.40~12.13 mg·kg-1之间,其中无机砷占总砷的10.0%~80.0%;抽查饲料样品中总砷含量范围为0.16~21.39 mg·kg-1,无机砷含量在0.003~10.67mg·kg-1之间,其中超过饲料中砷的限量标准的占16.7%;土壤中总砷含量介于8.08~18.50 mg·kg-1,22.2%的土壤样品中总砷含量超过土壤环境质量一级标准,土壤中无机砷占总砷44.2%~78.9%;蔬菜中总砷含量在0.003~0.093 mg·kg-1之间,均低于国家规定的限量标准0.50 mg·kg-1;同种蔬菜不同部位砷含量存在一定差异:根部含砷量要高于地上部分,蔬菜中总砷富集系数与总砷含量呈明显的正相关,与根际土壤中砷含量呈一定的负相关.     

鄂南棕红壤区不同植茶年限茶园CH4通量特征

于2014年3月—2015年12月,采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定了鄂南棕红壤丘陵区茶园和樟树林地土壤CH_4通量,研究了不同植茶年限茶园及临近林地土壤CH_4通量特征.结果表明,不同植茶年限对茶园土壤CH_4通量有显著影响,中、低龄茶园土壤CH_4以排放为主,植茶20 a和植茶8 a茶园土壤CH_4累积排放量分别为0.26和0.27 kg·hm~(-2),高龄茶园和对照林地土壤CH_4以吸收为主,植茶50 a茶园和林地土壤CH_4累积吸收量分别为0.39和1.95 kg·hm~(-2).降雨促进了鄂南棕红壤丘陵区茶园和林地土壤CH_4排放,除了植茶8 a茶园外,高、中龄茶园和樟树林地土壤CH_4通量均与7 d累积降雨量呈显著的正相关关系.施肥造成了茶园土壤CH_4排放量增加,同时土壤中矿质氮类型对该地区茶园和林地土壤CH_4通量有不同影响,CH_4排放通量与土壤硝态氮含量呈显著正相关关系,而与铵态氮含量相关关系不显著.研究表明,降雨量是影响鄂南红壤丘陵区茶园和林地土壤甲烷通量的主要因素;随着茶园种植年限的延长,土壤CH_4排放通量呈降低的趋势,高龄茶园土壤为大气CH_4汇.     

Participatory research and sustainable development in the Sahelo-Sudanian region

SUMMARY

A participatory research programme was conducted in the groundnut basin of Senegal, where there was a need to intensify the local farming systems. The research yielded a set of technical references and profitable innovations, which were introduced through specific development actions. The technology transfer aims at the establishment of sustainable farming systems and takes into account the climatic risks and innovation costs. Identification of research themes and implementation of results was based on various analyses: climatic analysis at regional level (establishment of climatic zones) and identification of constraints at farm level. Farmers' interests and the research results were combined to define suitable interventions for each surveyed farm, with the aim of increasing farm income and restoring soil fertility. The research also yielded elements for formulating an appropriate and realistic agricultural policy for the region. Clearly, the development of livestock farming activities is essential in bringing new economic life into the region and increasing the sustainability of farming systems in erratic climatic conditions.     

山东茶叶生产现状与开发对策

山东省“南茶北引”的成功，特别是近年来茶园的规模发展，使山东省成为江北茶区最北部的茶园集中分布区。茶叶生产取得了良好的经济效益，成为山东省广大低山丘陵区一个新的经济增长点。但是山东省的自然环境条件对茶树生长的诸多限制因素，阻碍了山东省茶树生产的发展。如何打破自然条件的限制，更好地发展茶叶生产，成为山东省实现经济、环境可持续发展的一个亟待解决的问题。在对山东省茶叶生产现状分析的基础上，提出了切实可行的发展对策。     

Tea bag filter paper as a novel protective membrane for micro-solid phase extraction of butachlor in aqueous samples

An innovative, cost-effective, simple, and environmental friendly tea bag filter paper protected micro-solid phase extraction (μ-SPE) technique was developed for the first time with the aim to miniaturize and minimize the use of organic solvents for the extraction and determination of butachlor in aqueous samples. The μ-SPE device was produced by packing 3.0 mg of an easily synthesized new sorbent, hydroxyl-functionalized polypyrrole (OH-PPY), inside a small tea bag filter paper sachet (1.0 cm × 0.5 cm) that served as a protective envelope. Both the extraction and desorption procedures were facilitated by sonication. Due to the high porosity and the fast water absorption of the tea bag filter paper, the analyte could easily diffuse through and enhance the interaction with the sorbent. Under the optimized conditions for the GC-ECD and the μ-SPE, the limit of detection (S/N ≥ 3) was 2.0 μg L^?1 while the limit of quantitation (S/N ≥ 10) was 10.0 μg L^?1. The recoveries of the butachlor spiked at 0.050, 0.10, and 0.50 μg mL^?1 ranged from 77.9 ± 3.0 to 112.5 ± 2.9%. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of butachlor in water samples from paddy cultivation sites. The levels found were from non-detectable to 24.71 ± 0.37 μg L^?1.     

油茶饼粕综合利用新工艺

本文综述了油茶饼粕综合开发利用的工艺方法及其优缺点。结果表明,用单一有机溶剂一步浸取同时提取饼粕中的油脂和茶皂素的新方法,具有工艺简单,设备投资少,产品产量高,质量好且稳定等优点。     

亚热带茶园土壤的某些生物化学性状研究

茶园土壤的有机质含量、腐殖质组成、有机碳的循环与平衡特点、酶活性及其在施肥条件下的变化情况与土壤肥力密切相关．试验结果表明：亚热带茶园土壤有机质含量水平较低，腐殖质组成中以富里酸为主，HA／FA比、酶活性均比起源土壤略低；高产茶园土壤有机碳库的循环水平较高，在不施有机肥的情况下仍能保持平衡；低产茶园土壤有机碳库的循环水平较低，输出大于输入，施用有机肥可以较快地提高茶园土壤有机质含量和酶活性水平．增施有机肥和实行茶林复合是培肥茶园土壤、提高茶园生产力的有效措施．     

TAS-986型石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定绿茶中的微量硒

利用加入基体改进剂NiNO3，采用TAS-986型石墨炉原子吸收光谱法，对绿茶中的微量硒进行测定分析，结果RSD〈5．0％，回收率在99．0％-100．2％之间。该法简便、快速，测定结果准确可靠。     

吸烟烟气对鼠肺细胞膜的损伤和茶多酚的保护作用

本文以香烟气相物质作用鼠肺细胞膜为模型,用脂肪酸自旋标记物5-DOXYL和16DOXYL分别研究膜浅层和深层的动态性质受气相烟的影响,并用紫外可见分光光度法研究气相烟对膜脂的作用。结果发现,在实验的气相烟流量下,香烟气相物质能引发鼠肺细胞膜的脂质过氧化,并且使膜浅层的流动性增大。但对膜深层的动态性质没有明显的改变,如果在鼠肺细胞中预先加入粗晶态或粉态茶多酚。则肺细胞的过氧化和膜的动态性质改变受到抑制,而且这种抑制作用与茶多酚浓度呈量效关系,而茶多酚本身对膜浅层无明显作用,但对膜深层的流动性有一定影响,而且两种茶多酚的作用相似。