Impact of aquacultures on the marine ecosystem: Modelling benthic carbon loading over variable depth

In order to be used within Environmental Impact Assessment study, we have developed a three-dimensional particle tracking model for prediction of benthic carbon loading (BCL) caused by fish farms. The model is based on stochastic differential equations for particle transport consistent with the well-known semi-empirical advection/diffusion equation. It requires only easily obtainable input data in the form of measured current record, the source location and a specification of local bathymetry. The model accounts for advection by long-term residual and tidal currents, turbulent diffusion, realistic bathymetry and variations in daily (monthly or yearly) emissions from fish farm.Here, we concentrate on the changes in sedimentation pattern caused by various bathymetric shapes. Examination of idealized cases reveals where and why we can expect the worst impact on benthic communities. For future reference, these results will be included into guidelines for fish farming.     

茶叶中六六六、DDT污染源的研究

本实验采用同位素示踪法和微量化学分析法对茶叶中残留的六六六和DDT的来源进行了研究。结果表明,土壤中少量六六六可通过根系进入叶片,两者浓度呈中度正相关(γ=+0.52),DDT呈弱相关(γ=+0.17),茶园用药构成茶叶污染的可能性很小,在茶园禁用六六六和DDT后,构成茶叶中残留的主要来源不是土壤和茶园用水,而主要是农田用药后六六六和DDT通过空气漂移所造成。人工模拟施药实验证实了上述假设,本文还提出了茶叶中六六六和DDT污染源的模式。     

不同品种茶叶钼含量的测定研究

在硫酸－硫酸钠－苯羟乙酸－氯酸钠体系中，钼可以产生一灵敏的单峰极谱催化波，峰电位为－０．２３Ｖ（ｖｓ．ＳＣＥ），线性范围为０．０４￣１００ｎｇ／ｇ，干扰元素极少。本研究首次使用极谱催化波测定茶叶中痕量钼，方法灵敏、准确、简便、选择性好。     

Quantification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Tea and Coffee Samples of Mumbai City (India) by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

This paper describes a method for quantification of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tea and coffee samples of Mumbai City with the help of reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with UV-VIS detector. This method is based on liquid–liquid extraction followed by clean up with C-18 cartridge. Concentration of total PAHs in different brands of tea and coffee samples varied from 18.79 to 31.37 μg/L and from 16.47 to 18.24 μg/L, respectively. Mean concentration of total PAHs was 27.56 μg/L in tea and 17.20 μg/L in coffee. Recoveries at different concentration levels were higher than 68% in samples of tea and coffee. Detection limit was found to be low (0.0006 ng) for anthracene and highest (0.174 ng) for naphthalene with relative standard deviation between 0.4%–7%.     

Towards a framework for assessing the sustainability of local economic development based on natural resources: honeybush tea in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

Despite the popularity of local economic development (LED) as a job creation and economic growth strategy in South Africa, many LED projects have not proved to be sustainable in the long-run, especially where human systems interact with biological ones. This article examines the relationship between sustainability and LED within the context of the emerging honeybush tea industry in the Eastern Cape. Data were gathered from provincial as well as local government policy documents and reports, and via key informant interviews. The data were analysed using Connelly’s [(2007). Mapping sustainable development as a contested concept. Local Environment, 12 (3), 259–278] three pronged approach to sustainable development as a lens through which to view the local industry. Findings showed that the industry offers many opportunities for development, including job creation in poorer, rural households; sustainable wild harvesting using a permit system; commercial cultivation; potential to develop social capital; potential for community-based LED; and product diversification. However, there are also corresponding challenges: There is currently no reliable data on the maximum sustainable yield, which is needed to guide quota allocations for entrepreneurial harvesters harvesting from wild stocks; possible biodiversity loss; and enforcing the permit scheme is proving difficult in remote rural areas.     

生物表面活性剂茶皂素离子浮选去除废水中镉离子

对生物表面活性剂茶皂素作为离子浮选剂去除废水中镉离子的能力进行了研究,对影响去除率和富集比的物理因素(包括溶液初始pH值、C茶皂素CCd2+(摩尔比)、离子强度(NaCl和NaNO3))和动力学参数(包括浮选时间和通气量)进行了考察.C茶皂素CCd2+=2∶1,pH为6.0,通气量为0.15L·min-1时得到了最佳去除效果,去除率达到85.87%,Cd2+的富集比达到19.43;而在C茶皂素CCd2+=2∶1,pH为8.0,通气量0.15L·min-1时,Cd2+去除率达到70.97%,富集比高达32.17.随着溶液离子强度的增强,镉离子去除率和富集比显著降低.泡沫浓缩液中加碱回收Cd2+,回收率为79.62%.     

From pioneering to organised business: the development of ecological farming in China

ABSTRACT

Small-scale ecological farming and their associated alternative food networks, are increasingly important in China, as a response to poor farm incomes and as a contribution to widespread concerns about environmental degradation and food safety. However, despite the enormous market potential and the notable success of some ventures, this type of farming remains at the margins, with many businesses struggling to develop beyond their start-up phase and consumers struggling to build confidence in the new produce and routes to market. Many of these farms display the classic elements of pioneer businesses, including high reliance on charismatic individuals, insecure land rights, high transaction and monitoring costs and fragile routes to market. Empirically, many of these businesses fail because they cannot grow out of the pioneer phase before the pioneer grows tired of the business. While this is a problem for all small businesses, it is particularly acute in business sectors like ecological farming in China, where there is little evidence of suitable and sustainable developmental models. Using Bernardus Lievegoed's work on organisational development applied to two case study farms, we suggest that there are Western developmental models that are applicable to small-scale ecological farming and that have the potential to offer insights into how this might be achieved with Chinese characteristics. We conclude by arguing that, Chinese ecological farms have to plan explicitly for a form of development that allows them to remain committed to their ideals while moving them away from dependence on charismatic people, family labour and volatile customer bases.     

日照茶树种植区土壤pH值及养分的变化

在GIS支持下,通过对日照市茶树种植区1982年和2003年土壤养分的对比分析,探讨了茶树种植对土壤养分的影响.2003年在研究区采集104个土壤剖面点,对土壤的主要养分进行了分析.在ARCGIS下进行Kriging插值形成各养分分布图,然后对照1982年第2次土壤普查结果进行各养分的差值分析.结果显示,茶树种植20a,土壤全N、有效P、速效K有增加的趋势,且明显高于非茶树种植区.土壤有机质基本不变或略有下降,但茶树种植区高于非种植区.全市土壤pH值有下降趋势,但茶树种植区下降较大,幅度在0.83～1.98之间.     

安溪铁观音茶园垂直剖面土壤中稀土元素的地球化学特征

采集了安溪某茶园一条垂直剖面土壤样(深度160 cm,共16个样),用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)分析测定了其中的稀土元素含量,研究了剖面土壤中稀土元素的地球化学特征。结果表明:土壤样品中稀土元素总量范围为165.38~229.91 mg/kg,其平均含量高于中国土壤和世界土壤的平均值;土壤中轻重稀土分馏明显,其稀土元素组成特点表现为轻稀土(LREE)富集,重稀土(HREE)亏损,Eu呈负异常,Ce呈正异常;稀土元素的富集因子平均值的分布范围为0.28~1.34,稀土元素均处于无污染或轻微污染。本研究为了解安溪茶园中稀土含量特征提供了基础数据,为现有茶园的治理和后备茶园基地的合理选址提供了科学依据。     

Reducing ammonia gas from chicken manure with lime and soybean plants

This research is aimed at addressing the complaints of local people living near chicken farms who are disturbed by odors caused by livestock activities, and specifically, by the generation of ammonia gas from chicken manure. Methods that are expected to reduce the intensity of ammonia gas odors include both scattering lime on the surface of the soil and planting soybeans around the cages. The results obtained showed a reduction in the levels of ammonia gas by 57.48%–from 1.67 parts per million (ppm) near an untreated cage to 0.71 ppm near the cage that achieved the best results. The study found that spreading lime evenly over the chicken manure was the most effective method that farmers could use to reduce ammonia odors. The sample area treated by the addition of soybean plants showed a reduction in the levels of ammonia gas from 1.67 to 0.78 ppm.