分离高浓度污泥产酸发酵液的自生动态膜形成机制

采用自生生物动态膜分离高浓度污泥发酵液,研究了动态膜的形成过程及其对污泥发酵液的分离效果.结果表明,自生动态膜的形成过程受污泥浓度的影响较小,污泥浓度仅影响初始膜通量,不影响稳定时的膜通量.膜通量随着滤布孔径和搅拌速度的增大而增大.动态膜的形成过程符合死端过滤模型,分别由以下4个过程构成:先通过与膜基材孔径相似的污泥颗粒堵塞膜基材孔,其后在膜基材上形成单层污泥,进而在膜基材上形成多层污泥,最后,大颗粒污泥继续沉积到污泥层上.动态膜形成后,对污泥颗粒和溶解性COD(SCOD)的截留率分别为98%和28%,对挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acids,VFAs)的渗透率在82%以上,胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)中的蛋白质是动态膜的主要成分.     

Fate of atrazine and chlorpyrifos during solid state fermentation—examination of processes

Abstract

Solid state fermentation (SSF) was investigated as a means to dispose of two commonly used pesticides, chlorpyrifos (O, O‐diethyl O‐(3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridyl) phosphorothioate) and atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐1,3,5‐triazine). SSF experiments were carried out in bench‐scale bioreaetors (equipped with CO₂ and volatile organic traps) containing a mixture of lignocellulosic materials and a radiolabeled pesticide. Ethyl acetate‐extractable, alkali soluble, and alkali insoluble fractions were evaluated for radioactivity following a 60‐d incubation period at 40°C. The majority of the [2, 6‐pyridyl‐¹⁴C]chlorpyrifos was associated with the ethyl acetate extract (about 74%), 17% was trapped as organic volatiles by polyurethane foam traps and < 0.5% of the chlorpyrifos was mineralized to CO². Only small amounts of the radioactivity were associated with alkali soluble (0.0003%) and alkali insoluble (0.3%) fractions. In the [¹⁴C‐U‐ring] atrazine bioreactors, very little of the radioactivity volatilized (<0.5%) and less than 0.5% was mineralized to CO₂. Approximately 57% of the applied radioactivity was associated with the ethyl acetate extract while 9% and 24% of the radioactivity was associated with the alkali soluble (humic and fulvic acids) and alkali insoluble fractions, respectively. Possible reaction mechanisms by which covalent bonds could be formed between atrazine (or metabolites) and humic substances were investigated. The issue of bound atrazine residue (alkali soluble fraction) was at least partially resolved. Oxidative coupling experiments revealed that formation of covalent bond linkages between amino substituent groups of atrazine residue and humic substances is highly unlikely.     

Streptoverticillium mobaraense分批发酵生产谷氨酰胺转胺酶:氨基酸代谢流分析及其初始淀粉浓度的影响

对Streptoverticilliummobaraense分批发酵合成谷氨酰胺转胺酶 (MTG)的氨基酸代谢流分布进行了理论分析 ;通过考察MTG分批发酵过程中的一些参数的变化情况 ,包括菌体干重 (DCW )、MTG酶活及残糖 (RSC)、菌体产率系数、MTG产率系数以及MTG的生产强度等 ,确定了适宜的初始淀粉浓度 ;对MTG发酵过程中氨基酸的代谢流分布进行了计算并作了较详细的分析 .研究结果表明 ,初始淀粉浓度 30g/L较适宜 ,DCW最高达 2 0 .9g/L ,酶活最高可达 2 .8UmL-1,菌体产率系数、MTG产率系数和MTG的生产强度分别为 0 .94g/g、12 5 .4U/g和 5 1.9UL-1h-1.氨基酸代谢流分布表明 ,只要发酵液中游离氨基酸充分 ,则细胞生长和产物形成就会活跃 ,限制细胞生长和产物的一个重要因素可能是MTG对氨基酸氮源的交联行为 ,表明可以采用不同氮源和控制氮源水平的方法改进菌体生长和MTG合成 .图 9表 2参 9     

嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌降解羽毛5 L发酵罐工业小试过程研究

为了将微生物处理羽毛工艺产业化,在摇瓶发酵条件优化的基础上进行5 L发酵罐工业小试研究,确定了放大发酵条件并根据发酵条件记录对发酵过程进行分析,推测代谢过程中的物质及能量变化及产物形成的动力学模型。在通气气压为0.08 MPa,空气流量为2.5 L/min及恒温40℃的条件下,产物得率比摇瓶发酵提高了2～3倍,发酵周期缩短了1 d。为羽毛废弃物的利用提供了可靠的依据。     

制药工业发酵副产品磁性吸附剂吸附六价铬的研究

利用包埋法,以海藻酸钠和聚乙烯醇作为基质,制药工业发酵副产品主要为红色链霉菌菌体为吸附剂,与磁性纳米颗粒制备磁性吸附剂,对含Cr(Ⅵ)废水进行吸附研究。磁性吸附剂吸附饱和后,在外加磁场作用下迅速与液相分离。研究结果表明,在溶液pH为0~12,搅拌转速为0~200 r/min,温度变化范围在0~50℃的条件下,经过5个循环,吸附剂的形状,机械强度等性能均保持完好;优化的pH为2;最佳温度为25℃;吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温线模型;吸附动力学过程符合Lagergren模型;经5次吸附-解吸附循环实验,磁性吸附剂对六价铬的吸附和解吸附能力均保持良好。     

微生物酶促高效提制废次烟草中烟碱的研究

采用酶促反应利用微生物发酵处理废次烟叶提取烟碱,对比发酵及微波协助等不同方式,利用分光光度法测定发酵体系中烟碱溶出含量,优选出发酵菌种,并探讨接种量和培养基质及不同工艺参数等对烟碱含量的影响。实验结果表明:选用白腐真菌和管囊酵母(1∶1)在微波协助处理下,当烟叶与水的重量比为3∶20,豆粕与烟叶重量百分比为15%,接种量40%,pH=6,30℃发酵48 h,能得到烟草中烟碱溶出浓度为3.291 g/L,为有效实现废次烟草减量化排放与资源化利用结合奠定基础。     

Production of Ethanol by an Integrated Valorization of Olive Oil Byproducts. The Role of Phenolic Inhibition (2 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope Agricultural industrial wastes can frequently be used as raw materials in the production of bio-fuels. Olive-oil milling wastewater is considered as one of the most polluting agro-industrial residues, but fortunately due to its high content of organic matter, it has the potential to be a valuable starting material to obtain bio-ethanol via fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The fermentation of olive-oil milling wastewater has been demonstrated with good yield of ethanol (8-12%v/v) once the level of reducing sugars is appropriate and the phenolic fraction, which inhibits the yeast, is removed. Materials and Methods: - Results: - Discussion: - Conclusions: - Recommendations and Perspectives: -     

污泥处理及有效利用

在调研国内外关于污泥处理及有效利用的文献资料的基础上,分析天津开发区污水处理厂污染特性和成份并进行污泥发醇模拟试验,根据污泥特性并结合开发区土壤理化性质特点,提出开发区污泥处理及有效利用的可行方案。     

酶底物法与多管发酵法和纸片法监测环境水样大肠菌群的比较

用标准菌株对比了酶底物法和多管发酵法及快速纸片法,监测分析了分组环境水样中的大肠菌群。结果表明,酶底物法操作快速、简单、结果稳定、无二次污染,能满足水质监测和应急监测的需求。     

Recent progress in bioethanol production from lignocellulosic materials: A review

Natural energy sources like petrol and diesel are going to be diminished in the coming future which will lead to increase in the prices and demands of fossil fuels. Therefore, it is important to find a sustainable alternate of fossil fuels. Bioethanol is one of the alternatives, which is produced from different feedstocks including sugar-based, starch-based and lignocellulose-based materials through fermentation. Since sugar-based (sugar cane and sugar beet) and starch-based (corn) materials are sources of staple food, therefore, research on lignocellulosic materials for bioethanol production is a subject of recent studies. Ethanol production from lignocellulosic materials involves different steps, such as pretreatment, hydrolysis, followed by fermentation process and finally ethanol purification. In this review, we have summarized the recent progresses in bioethanol production and processing from lignocellulosic materials.