Sludge fermentation liquid addition attained advanced nitrogen removal in low C/N ratio municipal wastewater through short-cut nitrification-denitrification and partial anammox

• Sludge fermentation liquid addition resulted in a high NAR of 97.4%. • Extra NH₄⁺-N from SFL was removed by anammox in anoxic phase. • Nitrogen removal efficiency of 92.51% was achieved in municipal wastewater. • The novel system could efficiently treat low COD/N municipal wastewater. Biological nitrogen removal of wastewater with low COD/N ratio could be enhanced by the addition of wasted sludge fermentation liquid (SFL), but the performance is usually limited by the introducing ammonium. In this study, the process of using SFL was successfully improved by involving anammox process. Real municipal wastewater with a low C/N ratio of 2.8–3.4 was treated in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The SBR was operated under anaerobic-aerobic-anoxic (AOA) mode and excess SFL was added into the anoxic phase. Stable short-cut nitrification was achieved after 46d and then anammox sludge was inoculated. In the stable period, effluent total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) was less than 4.3 mg/L with removal efficiency of 92.3%. Further analysis suggests that anammox bacteria, mainly affiliated with Candidatus_Kuenenia, successfully reduced the external ammonia from the SFL and contributed approximately 28%–43% to TIN removal. Overall, this study suggests anammox could be combined with SFL addition, resulting in a stable enhanced nitrogen biological removal.     

Treatment of biologically treated effluents from baker's yeast industry by membrane and ozone technologies

This paper presents pilot‐scale membrane treatment results performed on biologically treated effluents from fermentation industry and ozone oxidation on concentrates from the same membrane treatment system. The results obtained from the ultrafiltration (UF) and/or the reverse osmosis (RO) systems indicate that membrane treatment are very effective for COD, Color, NH₃‐N and conductivity removal. Ozone oxidation of the membrane concentrates was tested to increase biodegradability of the wastes. The initial ratios of Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) to Chemical oxygen demand (COD) were increased significantly by applying chemicaloxidation with O₃ and O₃ + H₂O₂.     

Zn2+及Fe3+对嗜淀粉乳杆菌开放式发酵产乳酸的影响

研究了在餐厨垃圾中接种嗜淀粉乳杆菌进行开放式乳酸发酵(即发酵原料不灭菌)的可行性,探讨了添加Fe3+、Zn2+的发酵体系中相关酶活与代谢产物的关系.结果表明,开放式发酵体系的乳酸产量高于非开放式发酵体系.加Fe3+体系的乳酸脱氢酶活性较高,导致乳酸产量增加(最高达29.5g/L),比未添加微量元素的对照体系增加了24.2%;而加Zn2+体系的乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)活性较高,导致副产物乙醇产量的增加,从而使乳酸产量低于对照体系;添加不同微量元素时嗜淀粉乳杆菌对底物中淀粉的利用率由高到低的顺序为:加Fe3+体系(65.7%) > 对照体系 (38.5%)>Zn2+体系(28.1%).此外,在嗜淀粉乳酸菌的发酵体系中,蔗糖和麦芽糖比乳糖容易降解成葡萄糖,果糖,最终被乳酸菌利用.     

利用浓缩污泥对污水中污染物的连续回收试验

为了回收污水中的有机物、氮和磷以便资源化,在工艺流程为好氧活化-好氧吸附-厌氧释放连续流处理系统中,研究了浓缩污泥对模拟生活污水中污染物的吸附及污泥中污染物的厌氧释放,确定了活化浓缩污泥所需时间,揭示了吸附段HRT对污泥吸附效果的影响及厌氧释放段pH对污泥中污染物释出的影响. 结果表明,污水厂浓缩污泥好氧活化120 min以上即可提高其对污染物的吸附/吸收能力. 控制吸附段HRT为25～50 min和污泥负荷〔N_s,为投配COD_Cr量(kg)/污泥量(kg·d)〕为3～5 kg/(kg·d),系统运行良好. 活化污泥对COD_Cr,NH₄+-N和PO₄3--P的最大去除率分别为86.78%,64.78%和75.5%. 在连续厌氧释放段,pH对各污染物释放的影响不尽相同,在pH为11.0,SRT为3 d的条件下,COD_Cr,NH₄+-N和PO₄3--P分别被浓缩了3.6,1.3和8.4倍.      

初期通气和震荡培养提高高浓度乙醇发酵的乙醇浓度和产率

研究了氧气和震荡条件对酿酒酵母高浓度乙醇发酵的影响.结果表明,震荡是提高发酵液乙醇浓度和产率的最重要因素.与静止培养相比,在不通气情况下震荡培养使乙醇浓度提高了69%(从75.8 g L-1提高到128.1 g L-1),在通气条件下乙醇浓度提高了68.7%(从85.2 g L-1提高到to 143.8 g L-1).在最优条件下,两次补料,经54 h发酵,发酵液中乙醇浓度达到143.8 g L-1,乙醇产率与理论产率的比值为0.471 g/g(即92.20%).经分析,通气和震荡条件提高了发酵液中酿酒酵母的生物量和细胞活力.图5表1参12     

混合菌种在发酵法生物产氢中的协同作用

为探讨产氢发酵细菌混合培养时菌种间的协同作用,本研究在间歇试验条件下,分别考察以葡萄糖和复杂有机物(淀粉、牛肉膏、聚乙二醇乙二酸酯和胰蛋白胨)为底物时,5株HPB(B49、H1、LM12、LM11和B51)混合培养,高效HPB(B49)与3株非产氢发酵细菌(L10、拟3-2和芽孢1)分别混合培养,以及B49与活性污泥混合培养对产氢能力的影响.试验结果表明,混合菌种间协同作用发挥是有条件的.当利用葡萄糖发酵产氢时,菌种间对共同底物的竞争使其协同作用无法发挥,从而制约了高效产氢细菌(HPB)的产氢能力;而利用复杂有机物发酵产氯时,菌种间的协同作用得以发挥,并促进了高效HPB产氢能力的提高.同时提出,针对不同底物可以采用不同的培养方式.     

生活垃圾好氧堆肥微生物接种的初步研究

对城市生活垃圾高温好氧堆肥的人工接种试验进行了初步研究,利用恒温培养箱模拟堆肥中心的温度,筛选出堆肥各个阶段的优势菌种,单独培养后混合加入到城市生活垃圾的高温好氧堆肥中,通过温度变化和微生物数量变化考察了不同堆肥条件下垃圾降解效果的差异。结果表明,利用恒温培养箱模拟堆肥中心的温度是可行的;主发酵阶段进行微生物接种不能造成所加菌种的优势地位,且加菌的效果不明显,但在后发酵中接种降解纤维素活性高的霉菌很容易达到优势地位,因此可以利用所加霉菌提高堆肥的温度,加速降解的速度,以此为下一步菌群的筛选工作提出了方向。     

木质纤维素生产燃料乙醇的关键技术研究现状

木质纤维素是自然界广泛存在且廉价的可再生资源.其主要成分纤维索、半纤维素是潜在的燃料乙醇生产原料.虽然由木质纤维素生产燃料乙醇的技术路线已具可行性,但存在着具体工艺环节复杂、生产能耗高等局限,严重阻碍了其规模化生产.目前纤维素燃料乙醇生产主要围绕预处理、酶解、发酵三大关键步骤进行技术攻关,其中预处理的能耗和效率、发酵过程的五碳糖利用等问题成为该工艺的重要制约因素.本文在综述国内外纤维素乙醇生产关键步骤的基础上,着重分析了各种物理、化学和生物预处理的优缺点以及新兴的预处理思路,归纳了各类纤维素乙醇生产菌的特点,包括耐高温和五碳糖的利用,并介绍了当前主要的发酵方式和优化措施,以期为木质纤维素生产乙醇提供新的研究思路.表5参86     

产氢产酸/同型产乙酸两相耦合工艺厌氧发酵市政污泥生产乙酸

采用一种新的产氢产酸/同型产乙酸两相耦合工艺对市政污泥进行厌氧发酵,以实现高效产乙酸的目的.结果表明,采用该两相耦合工艺对市政污泥厌氧发酵能很好地促进乙酸的生成,实验条件下,产氢产酸相乙酸最高浓度达到4.27 g/L,同型产乙酸相乙酸最高浓度则为1.07 g/L,乙酸产率和VFA产率分别达到0.42 g/gVS和0.69 g/gVS,与非耦合系统相比,分别提高了.61.5%和53.3%.实验结果还证明,污泥经热碱法预处理之后再厌氧发酵,能更有效地产酸,与不经过预处理的污泥原液发酵相比,前者的产氢产酸相乙酸浓度比后者提高了2.9倍.