地震火灾损失评估研究

地震火灾是一种严重的震次生灾害,历史地震资料表明,地震火灾造成的损失有时甚至超过地震的直接破坏所造成的损失,本文根据目前我国地震现场灾害的评估方法,结合我国地震结构损失评估的经验,建立了地震火灾损失的评估方法。     

农田中氮肥的损失与对策

评述了我国有关农田中氮肥的损失及其对策的研究结果。主要涉及农田中氮肥的损失程度、途径和机理;氮肥损失对环境的影响;减少氮肥损失、提高氮肥利用率的技术原则和主要措施。这些措施包括确定适宜的施氮量,以及采用深施、水肥综合管理、平衡施肥、脲酶抑制剂、硝化抑制剂、液态分子膜等。     

2008年中国大陆地震灾害损失述评

在列出2008年中国5级以上地震目录的基础上,结合有关省(自治区、直辖市)地震局的地震灾害评估资料,总结出2008年中国大陆地震灾害的主要数据和特性。最后对1990-2008年中国大陆地震灾害的相应数据进行了简要的比较分析。     

Patterns of substance use among Hurricane Katrina evacuees in Houston,Texas

This paper focuses on changing patterns of substance use among low income, African American drug users evacuated from New Orleans, Louisiana, during Hurricane Katrina of August 2005. It examines the relationship between increases and decreases in alcohol and tobacco (AT) use and illicit drug (ID) use after Katrina and pre‐disaster and within‐disaster factors. Data from structured interviews with 200 Katrina evacuees currently living in Houston were collected 8–14 months after the disaster. Multivariate analysis revealed that rises in AT use were positively associated with education. Females and younger evacuees were more likely to have increased AT use. ID use increase was positively associated with resource loss and leaving the city before Katrina. Decreases in AT and ID use were found to be associated with disaster‐related exposure. The paper discusses the specific consequences of disasters on disadvantaged minority substance users and the importance of developing public health disaster policies that target this population.     

城市供水管网健康监测与诊断:Ⅲ.既有局部漏损识别方法之二

城市供水管网是城市最重要的生命线工程,相对于地上结构,地下供水管网具有更高的易损性。由于供水管网多埋于地下,管道的早期破坏难以及时发现。本文提出了既有供水管网局部漏损识别的第2个方法:假设在管网的不同位置存在不同程度的局部漏损,计算监测管段的流量,以监测管段流量的计算值和监测值之间的误差最小为目标来识别出局部漏损的位置和程度。通过算例分析对本文方法的有效性进行了验证,并与既有供水管网局部漏损识别的第1个方法进行了比较。结果表明,本文方法在准确率和分辨率两个方面均优于第1个方法。本文解决了供水管网健康监测和诊断中的一个基本问题。     

稻田氮磷流失控制技术研究

分析了稻田氮磷流失的途径,以及降雨、秸秆还田、施肥等影响因素,综述了养分管理、水分管理、生态拦截、农田尾水回用等稻田氮磷流失控制技术的研究现状,提出应探索稻田氮磷流失源头控制和末端管控机制,加强生态拦截技术优化配置与性能研究。     

工业企业大震灾害下直接经济损失评估方法研究——基于财务会计资产项目

大震灾害会导致工业企业遭受惨重经济损失。为了推进灾区恢复生产和重建工作的顺利开展,快速评估工业企业地震直接经济损失具有重要意义,而我国目前尚未有成熟的针对工业企业的统一评价方法。在总结国内外地震直接经济损失评估成果的基础上,从财务会计的角度提出了一种估算工业企业各项地震易损资产项目经济损失值的方法,详细阐述了各项参数的内涵,提出如何在实际应用中确定各参数数值,并结合汶川地震黑色金属冶炼及压延加工行业地震损失案例简要说明了评估过程。结果表明,该方法将大大提升灾损评估的时效性。     

应用织物填料对传统活性污泥法改造中试

采用织物填料的高效水解-好氧生物处理工艺进行城市污水厂,传统活性污泥法改造中试。介绍了该工艺的设计特点、参数及其运行效果。通过试验,结果表明,采用水解-好氧生物处理工艺投资少、运行费用低、处理效果持续稳定。在污水量为1·4×104m3/d,曝气池停留时间1·89h、气水比减少一半的情况下,该工艺处理城市污水BOD5、CODCr、SS出水指标达到国家一级排放标准,除磷脱氮效果明显优于传统活性污泥法,对总氮的平均去除率高于50%,对总磷的去除率高于70%。该方法适宜于中小型污水处理厂的改造。     

Effects of climate and land use changes on groundwater resources in coastal aquifers

To estimate the freshwater loss in coastal aquifers due to salinisation, a numerical model based on the sharp interface assumption has been introduced. The developed methodology will be useful in areas where limited hydrological data are available. This model will elaborate on the changes in fresh groundwater loss with respect to climate change, land use pattern and hydrologic soil condition. The aridity index has been introduced to represent the variations in precipitation and temperature. The interesting finding is that the deforestation leads to increase groundwater recharge in arid areas, because deforestation leads to reduce evapotranspiration even though it favors runoff. The combined climate and land use scenarios show that when the aridity index is less than 60, the agricultural lands give higher groundwater recharge than other land use patterns for all hydrologic soil conditions. The calculated recharge was then used to estimate the freshwater-saltwater interface and percentage of freshwater loss due to salinity intrusion. We found that in arid areas, the fresh groundwater loss increases as the percentage of forest cover increases. The combined effects of deforestation and aridity index on fresh groundwater loss show that deforestation causes an increase in the recharge and existing fresh groundwater resource in areas having low precipitation and high temperature (arid climates).     

自然资源功能价值论初探

本文以经典的价值理论为基础,探讨了自然资源的功能价值论,构筑了功能价值估算的基本模型,并对水资源用作渔业、饮用、旅游、农灌等功能价值作了具体阐述和实例计算,为自然资源的价值理论研究提供了一个新的思想角度,在自然资源核算中为自然资源的合理定价探讨了新的途径。