砂柱对济南城市屋面雨水径流净化效果的试验

针对屋面雨水回灌裂隙岩溶含水层要求快速量大和水质要求高的特点,设计了相适宜的砂滤柱.采用室内砂滤试验研究了济南市屋面雨水径流回灌裂隙岩溶含水层之前的雨水净化效果.结果表明,砂柱对屋面雨水径流污染物有明显的去除效果,浊度的平均去除率达到87%,悬浮物的平均去除率达到70%以上,对色度、挥发酚、Pb和Zn也有一定的去除效果,对NH3-N、NO2-N的去除效果较差.浊度、色度和悬浮物等大部分污染物的去除主要集中在上层完成,因此,砂柱的上层需要定期更换.     

亚热带典型花岗岩小流域径流化学特征与化学风化

为了解小流域尺度下生物地球化学过程对径流水体的影响及花岗岩化学风化对CO2的吸收,对亚热带典型花岗岩区不同利用条件下的2个相邻小流域(F-森林、FA-森林/农田)的地表径流及其常量离子和溶解Si含量进行了连续3年的定期观测和分析.结果表明,溶解Si,Na+和HCO3-构成地表径流的主要化学成分,FA流域离子总量高于F流域,反映了流域内农业活动对其化学径流的贡献.皖南典型花岗岩小流域(F、FA)径流中Sidiss/Na+和NO3-/SO24-比值均远高于同一生物气候带内富含碳酸盐岩的太湖流域径流中的相应值,揭示了区域岩性差异和人类活动导致的大气酸沉降组成差异是决定径流化学组成的主要因素.皖南花岗岩小流域(F、FA)径流化学组分约43%和38%来源于大气降水,57%和50%来源于岩石风化,FA流域内农业活动对其化学径流的贡献约为12%.皖南小流域(F、FA)花岗岩化学风化过程对CO2的消耗通量分别为(0.67—0.96)×105 mol.km-.2a-1和(0.64—1.05)×105 mol.km-.2a-1,远低于同一生物气候带内石灰岩母质流域.     

水文变异条件下潦河生态流量计算研究

气候变化和高强度人类活动改变了流域的自然水文循环过程,导致水文序列出现变异,严重影响了流域水文生态系统的稳定性.目前,基于水文变异条件下的河道内生态流量计算已成为当前变化环境下生态水文学研究的热点问题之一.以江西鄱阳湖西北部的潦河为例,采用水文时间序列变异检验方法分析径流变异性及成因,应用水文模型对水文变异后的径流进行还原,以Kolmogorov-Smirnov（K-S）、Anderson Darling（A-D）和概率点据相关系数（PPCC）3种检验法确定月径流的最优概率分布函数,进而提出水文变异条件下最适宜的潦河生态流量计算方法.结果表明:①潦河万家埠站径流在1972年发生水文变异,突变点后流域年径流增加了12%,降水量的增加和蒸发量的减少是其主要驱动要素.②采用分布式时变增益模型（DTVGM）对径流进行还原,率定期和验证期的相关系数和Nash-Sutchliffe效率系数均大于0.78,径流模拟值和实测值拟合程度较高,表明基于DTVGM进行径流还原是可行的.③基于还原后的径流,对5种概率分布函数进行拟合优度综合检验,确定逐月最优分布函数,并估算月河道生态流量.与Tennant法、最枯月平均流量法、7Q10法等方法比较,基于最优分布函数的生态流量结果更具确定性与合理性.在气候变化和人类活动引起径流变异的背景下,考虑水文变异的河道内生态需水计算方法能够更科学地体现水文变异对生态需水过程的影响,研究结果可为潦河流域水生态保护和水资源管理提供数据支撑,也可为变化环境下水资源规划和配置提供科学依据.      

长江下游居民区降水地表径流的污染特征

城市地表径流是重要非点源污染源之一,其研究对于我国城市水环境质量控制具有重要的现实意义.本文选择我国长江下游地区典型居民区下垫面作为研究对象,采集不同下垫面的多场降雨径流,探究分析其中主要金属污染物和溶解性有机质（DOM）的分布、结构特征和污染负荷.结果发现,不同下垫面地表径流中重金属均呈现一定程度的超标现象,其浓度由高到低排序为：Zn > Cu > Pb > Sb > Cd,不同下垫面地表径流污染特征呈现了显著的差异,交通主干道的金属和DOM污染均最为严重;不同下垫面有机质结构特性也呈现出了明显的差异;地表径流DOM与阳离子金属污染物（Cu）的结合作用强烈,紫外差分光谱和傅里叶变换红外光谱显示其结合位点位于羧基、酚羟基和C＝C结构,而类金属污染物（Sb）则结合较弱,其在径流中可能以游离态存在;研究区域不同金属污染物对临近水体产生的污染年负荷依次为：Zn > Cu > Pb > Sb > Cd,无锡和南京采样区DOM的单位面积污染负荷分别为0.93 g·（m²·a）^-1和8.72 g·（m²·a）^-1.结果表明需要针对不同下垫面属性和不同污染物结构特征开展对应的污染拦截措施,相关结果可以为长江下游流域水环境质量改善提供参考信息.     

阿克苏河年径流变化的非线性特征

以阿克苏河流域的托什干河、库玛拉克河和阿克苏河干流为例,基于1957-2008年的径流序列,运用小波分析和R/S分析方法分析了阿克苏河径流过程的非线性特征,揭示了流域径流的变化规律,得出以下结论:①库玛拉克河、托什干河及阿克苏河干流的年径流序列均呈增加的趋势,且都以20世纪80年代后期为分界点分为两个阶段:前期径流较少,处于枯水期;后期径流较多,处于丰水期。②阿克苏河流域年径流量变化存在较长周期,长周期中又包含着短周期;其中,18 a和22 a的周期贯穿于整个时间序列,为流域径流的第一主周期。③流域内三条河流各个时段径流量的Hurst指数值几乎都大于0.5,表明流域径流的时间序列具有长期持续的特征;从各条河流最后一个时段的Hurst指数可以推断,在2008年后的一段时间里流域径流量将会继续保持增加趋势。     

镇江市雨水收集利用示范工程雨水水质特性研究

以镇江市雨水利用示范工程为研究对象,通过对8场典型降雨雨水取样检测,得出了示范点雨水径流的污染状况和水质特性,分析各种雨水水质变化规律、雨水质量及其主要影响因素,研究各类污染物之间的相关性。结果表明:降雨初期径流污染严重,主要是有机污染物和悬浮物固体污染,雨水中的悬浮物与有机污染物浓度有一定的相关性;在弃去初期雨水后,水质基本满足景观环境再生水水质和城市杂用水水质的控制指标。     

长江口浮游植物分布情况及与径流关系的初步探讨

利用2004—2008年5月（春季）和8月（夏季）共10个季度月航次调查资料,结合同时期长江口径流量的数据,研究了长江口海域浮游植物的分布特征、及其受长江径流影响的关系。分布情况的结果显示：同一年中,夏季调查航次鉴定的浮游植物种类数明显多于春季的种类数;浮游植物数量的基本趋势逐年增加,其中2008年调查航次的浮游植物数量急剧暴发;同时生物多样性指数呈逐年下降趋势,海域水质污染程度日趋严重。对浮游植物与长江口径流量的关系分析得到：拟合长江口5、8月平均径流量与对应调查航次的浮游植物数量呈正相关的幂函数关系,径流量与浮游植物多样度呈负相关的指数函数关系,径流量与浮游植物优势种数量百分比呈正相关的幂函数关系,关系都明显显著。其中长江口径流量的输入对优势种尤其是近岸低盐性的中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）分布有着决定性的影响;长江径流把大量的N、P等无机营养物质携带入海,导致长江口水域严重富营养化,造成长江口海域的局部区域频发赤潮。     

A New Flood Index for Use in Evaluation of Local Flood Severity: A Case Study of Small Ungauged Catchments in Korea1

Ahn, Jae Hyun and Hyun Il Choi, 2013. A New Flood Index for Use in Evaluation of Local Flood Severity: A Case Study of Small Ungauged Catchments in Korea. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 49(1): 1‐14. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12025 Abstract: The aim of this article is to develop a new index measuring the severity of floods in small ungauged catchments for initial local flood information by the regression analysis between the new flooding index and rainfall patterns. Although a rapid local flood caused by heavy storm in a short period of time is now one of common natural disasters worldwide, such a sudden and violent hydrologic event is difficult to forecast. As local flooding rises rapidly with little or no advance warning, the key to local flood forecasting is to quickly identify when and where local flooding above a threshold is likely to occur. The new flooding index to characterize local floods is measured by the three normalized relative severity factors for the flood magnitude ratio, the rising curve gradient, and the flooding duration time, quantifying characteristics of flood runoff hydrographs. The new flooding index implemented for the two selected small ungauged catchments in the Korean Peninsula shows a very high correlation with logarithm of the 2‐h maximum rainfall depth. This study proposes 30 mm of rainfall in a 2‐h period as a basin‐specific guidance of precaution for the incipient local flooding in the two study catchments. It is expected that the best‐fit regression equation between the new flooding index and a certain rainfall rate can provide preliminary observations, the flood threshold, and severity information, for use in a local flood alert system in small ungauged catchments. Editor's note: This paper is part of a featured series on Korean Hydrology. The series addresses the need for a new paradigm of river and watershed management for Korea due to climate and land use changes.     

Characterization of Storm Flow Dynamics of Headwater Streams in the South Carolina Lower Coastal Plain1

Epps, Thomas H., Daniel R. Hitchcock, Anand D. Jayakaran, Drake R. Loflin, Thomas M. Williams, and Devendra M. Amatya, 2012. Characterization of Storm Flow Dynamics of Headwater Streams in the South Carolina Lower Coastal Plain. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐14. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12000 Abstract: Hydrologic monitoring was conducted in two first‐order lower coastal plain watersheds in South Carolina, United States, a region with increasing growth and land use change. Storm events over a three‐year period were analyzed for direct runoff coefficients (ROC) and the total storm response (TSR) as percent rainfall. ROC calculations utilized an empirical hydrograph separation method that partitioned total streamflow into sustained base flow and direct runoff components. ROC ratios ranged from 0 to 0.32 on the Upper Debidue Creek (UDC) watershed and 0 to 0.57 on Watershed 80 (WS80); TSR results ranged from 0 to 0.93 at UDC and 0.01 to 0.74 at WS80. Variability in event runoff generation was attributed to seasonal trends in water table elevation fluctuation as regulated by evapotranspiration. Groundwater elevation breakpoints for each watershed were identified based on antecedent water table elevation, streamflow, ROCs, and TSRs. These thresholds represent the groundwater elevation above which event runoff generation increased sharply in response to rainfall. For effective coastal land use decision making, baseline watershed hydrology must be understood to serve as a benchmark for management goals, based on both seasonal and event‐based surface and groundwater interactions.     

Curve Number Derivation for Watersheds Draining Two Headwater Streams in Lower Coastal Plain South Carolina,USA

The objective of this study was to assess curve number (CN) values derived for two forested headwater catchments in the Lower Coastal Plain (LCP) of South Carolina using a three‐year period of storm event rainfall and runoff data in comparison with results obtained from CN method calculations. Derived CNs from rainfall/runoff pairs ranged from 46 to 90 for the Upper Debidue Creek (UDC) watershed and from 42 to 89 for the Watershed 80 (WS80). However, runoff generation from storm events was strongly related to water table elevation, where seasonally variable evapotranspirative wet and dry moisture conditions persist. Seasonal water table fluctuation is independent of, but can be compounded by, wet conditions that occur as a result of prior storm events, further complicating flow prediction. Runoff predictions for LCP first‐order watersheds do not compare closely to measured flow under the average moisture condition normally associated with the CN method. In this study, however, results show improvement in flow predictions using CNs adjusted for antecedent runoff conditions and based on water table position. These results indicate that adaptations of CN model parameters are required for reliable flow predictions for these LCP catchments with shallow water tables. Low gradient topography and shallow water table characteristics of LCP watersheds allow for unique hydrologic conditions that must be assessed and managed differently than higher gradient watersheds.