新型快滤装置处理初降雨径流的研究

本研究探索了人工快滤系统(简称CRI系统)处理初降雨径流污染的可行性。通过室内试验,比选出合适的滤料,对过滤参数进行优化,设计2种快滤模块,并运用于实际工程建设中。结果表明:粒径3～5mm河砂对SS、COD污染的去除效果良好。选取9L/(m2·s)为适宜过滤流量负荷,0.6m为合适滤料高度,模型装置对污水的处理效果良好。     

Zeolite (Na) modified by nano-Fe particles adsorbing phosphate in rainwater runoff

Zeolite (Na) modified by self-synthesized nano-Fe particles was used as infiltration media to adsorb phosphate in rainwater runoff. The adsorption capacities increased up to 75 times that of natural zeolite at a saturated equilibrium phosphate concentration of 0.42 mg/L. The correlation of capacity and material-specific surface area indicated that specific surface area was not the key factor contributing to the capacity improvement. SEM and XRD analysis showed that chemical reaction between Fe and P to form new products like cacoxenite is the main reason for the increased capacity, and that the method of adding metal ions or particles to improve the adsorption capacity for phosphate is feasible.     

太湖重污染区麦季养分输入与流失规律研究

为了识别太湖流域重污染区典型麦季污染物流失规律,以田间单元为研究对象,研究了麦季不同施肥处理条件下营养元素的输入和流失与降雨的关系。结果表明,大气湿沉降和施肥输入氮素190.23 kg/hm2,磷素19.12 kg/hm2;优化施肥-秸秆还田处理条件下COD、总氮和总磷平均流失量均小于常规施肥处理,而小麦产量有一定增加,说明采用深施化肥可以降低营养元素的流失,而秸秆还田措施对小麦产量的增加有一定帮助;径流流失中氮的形态以硝态氮为主,硝氮、氨氮平均浓度分别占总氮浓度的85.8%和4.84%,所以重污染区农田径流污染应着重考虑硝态氮的处理。文章研究结果可为太湖流域重污染区农田径流流失的治理提供基础性支撑。     

前期晴天时间对城市降雨径流污染水质的影响

识别影响城市降雨径流污染的主要因子是城市降雨径流污染治理和管理的前提和基础.为此,从2006年5月开始,选择镇江具有代表性的土地使用类型监测城市地表径流水质,分析前期晴天时间对城市地表降雨径污染物的影响.结果表明,随着前期晴天时间的增加,径流中粒径<40 μm的颗粒物粒径体积分数增加;径流中主要水质参数(TN、TP、Zn、Pb、Cu、TSS和COD)与前期晴天时间呈显著正相关,初期地表径流中溶解态污染物增加,说明前期晴天时间是影响城市径流污染浓度和形态的主要因子,从而为城市降雨径流污染的控制和治理提供科学依据.     

城市道路雨水分析

结合城市发展现状,对城市路面雨水中主要污染物、路面雨水水质特征、影响路面径流污染的因素,及道路路面雨水污染物来源进行了分析。认为道路污染物主要成份是SS和COD;道路路面雨水水质变化很大,污染物初期浓度较高,后期浓度逐渐减小。     

Multiple linear regression models of urban runo pollutant load and event mean concentration considering rainfall variables

Rainfall is an important factor in estimating the event mean concentration (EMC) which is used to quantify the washed-o pollutant concentrations from non-point sources (NPSs). Pollutant loads could also be calculated using rainfall, catchment area and runo coe cient. In this study, runo quantity and quality data gathered from a 28-month monitoring conducted on the road and parking lot sites in Korea were evaluated using multiple linear regression (MLR) to develop equations for estimating pollutant loads and EMCs as a function of rainfall variables. The results revealed that total event rainfall and average rainfall intensity are possible predictors of pollutant loads. Overall, the models are indicators of the high uncertainties of NPSs; perhaps estimation of EMCs and loads could be accurately obtained by means of water quality sampling or a long term monitoring is needed to gather more data that can be used for the development of estimation models.     

中国西北地区近47a日照时数的气候变化特征

利用中国西北地区135个测站1961—2007年1—12月日照时数资料,采用EOF、REOF、趋势分析、Mann-Kendall分析、相关分析等方法,分析了47 a来西北地区日照时数的时空分布特征及其变化规律。结果表明:西北地区的日照时数从东南向西北减少,甘青新交界区是西北地区日照的高值区。冬季日照最少,夏季最多,春季多于秋季。西北地区大部分地方日照时数显著减少,全区平均减少速率为19.92 h/10 a,1980年发生突变。新疆西南部和青海南部日照时灵敏有明显增多趋势,甘南—陇中—宁南—陇东—陕中日照时数不显著增多。将西北地区日照时数分为7个不同类型区域:即西北地区东部区、新疆中北部区、新疆西南区、海西北高原区、祁连山区、青南高原和河西走廊区。西北地区东部和新疆中北部的日照时数为单峰型,河西走廊、祁连山区、新疆西南部的日照时数呈双峰型分布,青海高原的日照时数呈三峰型分布。在气候变暖的背景下,西北地区相对湿度增加,云量增多,是造成大部分地方日照减少的主要原因。     

Predicting the impacts of climate change on nonpoint source pollutant loads from agricultural small watershed using artificial neural network

This study described the development and validation of an artificial neural network (ANN) for the purpose of analyzing the e ects of climate change on nonpoint source (NPS) pollutant loads from agricultural small watershed. The runo discharge was estimated using ANN algorithm. The performance of ANN model was examined using observed data from study watershed. The simulation results agreed well with observed values during calibration and validation periods. NPS pollutant loads were calculated from load-discharge relationship driven by long-term monitoring data. LARS-WG (Long Ashton Research Station-Weather Generator) model was used to generate rainfall data. The calibrated ANN model and load-discharge relationship with the generated data from LARS-WG were applied to analyze the e ects of climate change on NPS pollutant loads from the agricultural small watershed. The results showed that the ANN model provided valuable approach in estimating future runo discharge, and the NPS pollutant loads.     

RUNOFF AND EROSION RESPONSE OF SIMULATED WASTE BURIAL COVERS IN A SEMI-ARID ENVIRONMENT1

ABSTRACT: Control of runoff (reducing infiltration) and erosion at shallow land burials is necessary in order to assure environmentally safe disposal of low-level radioactive-waste and other waste products. This study evaluated the runoff and erosion response of two perennial grass species on simulated waste burial covers at Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). Rainfall simulations were applied to three plots covered by crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum(Fischer ex Link) Shultes], three plots covered by streambank wheatgrass [Elymus lanceolatus(Scribner and Smith) Gould spp. lanceolaus], and one bare plot. Average total runoff for rainfall simulations in 1987, 1989, and 1990 was 42 percent greater on streambank wheatgrass plots than on crested wheatgrass plots. Average total soil loss for rainfall simulations in 1987 and 1990 was 105 percent greater on streambank wheatgrass plots than on crested wheatgrass plots. Total runoff and soil loss from natural rainfall and snowmelt events during 1987 were 25 and 105 percent greater, respectively, on streambank wheatgrass plots than on crested wheatgrass plots. Thus, crested wheatgrass appears to be better suited in revegetation of waste burial covers at INEEL than streambank wheatgrass due to its much lower erosion rate and only slightly higher infiltration rate (lower runoff rate).     

昆明市水源区不同利用类型坡地径流氮和磷的输出特征

采用径流小区法对昆明市松华坝水源区牧羊河中游5种不同利用类型坡地2007年雨季地表径流氮和磷的输出情况进行观测分析.结果表明,随着雨季降雨次数的增加,径流小区产生的水样中,输出的ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)逐渐下降,在7月3日—9月17日的7次采样中,裸地、黄豆地、林地、土豆地和草地径流输出的ρ(TN)分别下降83.2%,79.8%,78.4%,75.9%和75.3%;输出的ρ(TP)分别下降74.6%,62.2%,54.2%,75.3%和72.1%,由此说明氮和磷的输出与地表径流及土壤侵蚀具有一致性.在氮和磷的输出过程中,强降雨对输出影响较大,施肥对输出影响明显.输出的可溶态氮素主要以NO₃--N为主.