用SOS/umu试验评价降雨径流遗传毒性的变化

通过SOS/umu试验分析检测屋面和道路在2017年5、6月2场降雨过程中的遗传毒性变化。结果表明,从降雨初期到结束,在5月份屋面产生降雨径流2 h内和道路产生径流20 min内雨水样品的检测结果均呈阳性,诱导率IR均大于2,表现出DNA损伤效应;在6月份屋面产生降雨径流60 min内和道路产生径流10~60 min内雨水样品的结果均呈阳性,表现出遗传毒性。2场降雨中屋面和道路雨水样品的TEQ4-NQO均随降雨时间先增加后逐渐减小,5月份屋面雨水样品的毒性大于路面雨水样品的毒性,6月份则相反。遗传毒性分析降雨径流中污染物毒性的变化为雨水的安全利用提供理论基础。     

极端暴雨洪水及侵蚀产沙对延河流域植被恢复响应的比较研究

黄河支流延河在2013及1977年7月发生极端暴雨事件,但由于所处时间流域下垫面的差异,暴雨的灾害表现迥异。论文比较分析延河流域2013和1977年7月暴雨的降雨量、强度、频率及其水沙变化特征,讨论了产生灾害不同的主要原因。结果表明：2013年7月延河流域降雨总量、笼罩面积、降雨强度、暴雨频率均大于1977年,而日最大径流量、最大输沙量、最大含沙量、洪峰流量、峰值沙量、高含沙量历时却低于1977年。2013年延河流域暴雨灾害以地质灾害为主,1977年则以河道洪水灾害为主。退耕还林（草）工程实施后流域内植被大面积恢复,导致降雨产流产沙关系发生变化是产生上述现象的主要原因。     

RUNOFF AND EROSION RESPONSE OF SIMULATED WASTE BURIAL COVERS IN A SEMI-ARID ENVIRONMENT1

ABSTRACT: Control of runoff (reducing infiltration) and erosion at shallow land burials is necessary in order to assure environmentally safe disposal of low-level radioactive-waste and other waste products. This study evaluated the runoff and erosion response of two perennial grass species on simulated waste burial covers at Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). Rainfall simulations were applied to three plots covered by crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum(Fischer ex Link) Shultes], three plots covered by streambank wheatgrass [Elymus lanceolatus(Scribner and Smith) Gould spp. lanceolaus], and one bare plot. Average total runoff for rainfall simulations in 1987, 1989, and 1990 was 42 percent greater on streambank wheatgrass plots than on crested wheatgrass plots. Average total soil loss for rainfall simulations in 1987 and 1990 was 105 percent greater on streambank wheatgrass plots than on crested wheatgrass plots. Total runoff and soil loss from natural rainfall and snowmelt events during 1987 were 25 and 105 percent greater, respectively, on streambank wheatgrass plots than on crested wheatgrass plots. Thus, crested wheatgrass appears to be better suited in revegetation of waste burial covers at INEEL than streambank wheatgrass due to its much lower erosion rate and only slightly higher infiltration rate (lower runoff rate).     

滇池河流降雨径流资源利用的技术途径

根据城市污水土地处理慢速渗滤等工艺的去除率BOD₅和COD_Cr分别为84.3%和82.5%,TP、KN和NH_3-N分别为94.9%、85.8%和89.4%,SS也高达58.4%。保证这类生态工程终年稳定运行的核心问题是:处理出水水质稳定和处理水量的稳定。影响稳定的主要因素有作物非用水季节(收获和栽种)的水量调节系统、雨季稳定运行和高去除率的处理工艺、适应慢速土地处理的气候和土壤等环境条件以及水量平衡调节与管理的有效保证。集水区域内实行分区管理的截流和改善下垫面排水调控能力的水利工程,配合使用灌溉型慢速土地处理(SR)或植物生长淹没床(VSB)湿地资源化利用与处理系统等生态工程处理工艺,是实现降雨径流资源化利用的主要技术保证。     

潜流水平湿地对农业灌溉径流氮磷的去除

构建了潜流水平芦苇湿地,对农业灌溉径流(TN约为7mg/L,TP约为0.5mg/L)中氮磷进行了为期1年的去除研究.在水力停留时间(HRT)为2,4,6d时,TP和TN的去除率均大于87%和68%.湿地对TN、NH₄⁺-N和TP的去除受HRT的影响较大(P<0.05),对PO₄^3--P的去除受HRT的影响较小.在不同HRT情况下,NH₄⁺-N、NO₂^--N、NO3--N和PO₄^3--P的去除率均高于93%,出水浓度一般均小于0.04mg/L.且出水中的TP和TN主要为有机态,存在一个TP和TN背景浓度.TN去除率与负荷之间具有很好的相关性(R2=0.9968),但是TP去除率与负荷之间相关性较差(R²=0.5987).以HRT为2d计算,1m²的芦苇床处理该农业灌溉径流的能力为0.1m³/d,出水TN和TP浓度可控制在0.50mg/L和0.154mg/L以下.     

高速公路路面径流水质特性及排污规律

采用现场连续取样,在雨天某一时段对西安至临潼高速公路路面径流排水进行了监测.结果表明,高速公路路面排水具有较高的污染强度,污染物以SS和COD为主,且生物可降解性较差.水质参数SS、COD、总Pb、总Zn之间存在较好的线性相关关系.分析探讨了路面径流污染物排放规律及其对河流水质的影响.     

SENSITIVITY CONSIDERATIONS WHEN MODELING HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES WITH DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL1

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the sensitivity of a hydrologic models to the type of DEM used. This was done while modeling basin water quality with 1:24,000 and 1:250,000 U.S. Geological Survey DEMs as input to model hydro‐logical processes. The manner in which the model results were sensitive to the choice of raster cell size (scale) is investigated in this study. The Broadhead watershed, located in New Jersey, USA, was chosen as a study area. Curve numbers were estimated by a trial and error to match simulated and observed total discharge. Monthly runoff for the watershed was used in the calibration process. Higher runoff volumes were simulated by the model when the 1:24,000 DEM were used as input data, probably due to the finer resolution which simulated increased average slope and hence higher estimated runoff from the watershed. As the simulated slope of the watershed is flatten with the 1:250,000 DEM, the response of stream flow was delayed and simulated less runoff volume.     

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF INDIANA WATERSHEDS TO HERBICIDE CONTAMINATION1

ABSTRACT: An index of watershed susceptibility to surface water contamination by herbicides could be used to improve source water assessments for public drinking water supplies, prioritize watershed restoration projects, and direct funding and educational efforts to areas where the greatest environmental benefit can be realized. The goal of this study is to use streamflow and herbicide concentration data to develop and evaluate a method for estimating comparative watershed susceptibility to herbicide loss. United States Geological Survey (USGS) concentration data for five relatively water soluble herbicides (alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, metolachlor, and simazine) were analyzed for 16 Indiana watersheds. Correlation was assessed between observed herbicide losses and: (1) a herbicide runoff index using GIS‐based land use, soil type, SCS runoff curve number, tillage practice, herbicide use estimates, and combinations of these factors; and (2) predicted herbicide losses from a non‐point source pollution model (NAPRA‐Web, an Internet‐based interface for GLEAMS). The highest adjusted R²value was found between herbicide concentration and the runoff curve number alone, ranging from 0.25 to 0.56. Predictions from the simulation model showed a poorer correlation with observed herbicide loss. This indicates potential for using the runoff curve number as a simple herbicide contamination susceptibility index.     

GENETIC PROGRAMMING AND ITS APPLICATION IN REAL‐TIME RUNOFF FORECASTING1

ABSTRACT: Genetic programming (GP), a relatively new evolutionary technique, is demonstrated in this study to evolve codes for the solution of problems. First, a simple example in the area of symbolic regression is considered. GP is then applied to real‐time runoff forecasting for the Orgeval catchment in France. In this study, GP functions as an error updating scheme to complement a rainfall‐runoff model, MIKE11/NAM. Hourly runoff forecasts of different updating intervals are performed for forecast horizons of up to nine hours. The results show that the proposed updating scheme is able to predict the runoff quite accurately for all updating intervals considered and particularly for updating intervals not exceeding the time of concentration of the catchment. The results are also compared with those of an earlier study, by the World Meteorological Organization, in which autoregression and Kalman filter were used as the updating methods. Comparisons show that GP is a better updating tool for real‐time flow forecasting. Another important finding from this study is that nondimensionalizing the variables enhances the symbolic regression process significantly.     

贵州典型岩溶流域水循环驱动的岩溶碳汇通量及其主控因素分析

利用高分辨率水文水化学自动记录仪,对地处湿润亚热带季风气候条件下的贵州省黔南峰丛洼地区的板寨和黄后,以及位于黔中高原面上丘原区的后寨3个岩溶流域进行了为期6年半(2007年5月至2013年10月)的连续监测。结合流域出口水中主要化学组分的野外滴定与室内分析实验,建立了水中碳酸氢根、钙和镁等主要离子与电导率之间的线性相关关系,进而获得了高时间分辨率的水中CO_2分压、方解石饱和指数和岩溶碳汇通量等指标。数据统计分析发现:(1)板寨、黄后和后寨岩溶流域的多年平均岩溶碳汇通量分别为29、33和39 t-CO_2km~(-2)·a~(-1);(2)岩溶流域出口水中碳酸氢根离子具有化学稳定性行为,流量是流域岩溶碳汇通量的主控因子。